Reaearch Article Analysis Essay

The system of law enforcement course of action making is a perpendicular form and a parallel political dynamic. The system of law enforcement research had the knowledge and ability to apply the decision – making process within state law enforcement courses and administrative divisions can control resolutions by giving studies to meet policy maker’s needs. This document gives a schematic outlook on the system of law enforcement determination – making methods and speaks of how researchers can make his or her accomplishments pertinent within it. Purpose The system of law enforcement action adopted and pursued by government examinations aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new knowledge seeks to equip assessments and examinations of a serious offense and provides tactics for its reduction. The number in the system of law enforcement and the scientific study of crimes periodical, analysis, and a printed narrative are full of new knowledge and policy examinations. In fact, one topic has obtained reduced recognition; however, it is how the system of law enforcement action planned and administrative divisions use the system of law enforcement in programs developing and policy making. To obtain federal money each state upholds law enforcement actions by the government and plans establishments (Garrison, 2009). Government and regional police departments establish the system of judicial body, corrections, and non – profit associations obtain money through these law enforcement establishments to assist law enforcement responsi bilities. Law enforcement researchers can make his or her business more applicable to law enforcement policy makers by having knowledge of the art of science of government authority, and policy dynamics that govern how establishments function. Law enforcement principles and intentions are ethically – based entities. By this Dena means that the law enforcement principles work in an enclosed area that negotiates with confident questions of correct and incorrect what establishes fairness and prejudice as well as the attention of an individual’s obligation. In fact, the appearance of these morals explains the division of law enforcement and law enforcement policy – making establishments from other establishments for example, original or medical sciences. Dissimilar to the institutions and Dena’s conversation, law enforcement, the natural sciences does not associate the causes of human weakness (Garrison, 2009). Problem The reason for dysfunction, our, unlike hypothesis propose are inward and outward causes for example, a need of political authority and poor disorders (Garrison, 2009). Considering how these reasons are observed and defined these causes have moral meanings associated with them. Important, the law enforcement design is a subject that regular people can readily associate to and reveal views (at least in appreciation to causation) without immersion and guidance in control (Garrison, 2009). The law enforcement design transmissions on the primary surface of policy making, exercising or seeking power in the governmental or public affairs, the study of the nature and origin of ideals. Questions and answers Is the behavior of wrongdoings in a village a law enforcement matter or a public health matter? Answer – it is a law enforcement matter because law enforcement and others for example, judges, and lawyers have to decide the punishment for the criminal but the punishment for the criminal depends on what the wrong doing was. Is the answer to a wrongdoing a discipline and containment design or a medical design in which methods are the key product? Answer – in this case it would be a medical model because treatment would be the factor to the individual or individuals involved in the wrong doing. Is wrongdoing a matter of a person’s chosen conduct or is the outcome of environmental methods past the constrain or obligation of the individual? Answer – this can be both because the person chooses to conduct the wrong doing but the environmental factors for example; the individual coming from a poor neighborhood could also contribute to the individual’s action (Garrison, 2009 & White, 2013). Describe the design of the study Examinations can affect the exercising or seeking power in governmental affairs, the study of the nature, and the origin of ideals concern that in turn, holds design within the law enforcement outlined establishments. To accomplish control in the resolution events the researchers must uphold both traditional esteem, and a character of presented unprejudiced examinations by policy makers (Weiss, 1976, Ross & Shapiro, 1999).The theoretical probability and the absence of a political bias of the researcher are the central results to acceptability. If individuals see an analysis as too reserved or too permissive, his or her research results are not considered worthy if the decision makers do not bestow the equal political theory (Garrison, 2009). It is better for an analysis to have no political character, thus leaving his or her qualification the main representative to create opinions. The design represents how an analysis can motivate one or more important individuals of the counsel by supplying the individuals with studies that reverberates carefully with the moral and political theories to those constituents. In fact, those constituents make the whole counsel. In addition, the politics, and authority of the council will resolve if a policy conclusion will transpire and what policies, if made, researchers will transcribe to the supervisor to carry out (Garrison, 2009). The planning administrative division manages the s econd level of the planning, carries out the decisions of the goals and puts the policy into the curriculum. In fact, once the counsel informs the supervisor on the policy it is his or her responsibility to seek the details of practice commonly regarding a workers topic, and this is at the decision of the supervisor. Thus, the judgment making authority for carrying out changes are to an individual opinion maker. In addition, analysists must know what position of decision – making policy or a specific responsibility or curriculum is under to decide how the analysis can be substantial. Furthermore, if an establishment needs details, evaluations, or data on policy process is in its planning notable action studies that provides transparent and operational data will have a big effect on the method (Weiss, 1976). Operational Definition From an un widely administrative system (Hall, 1989) exercising or seeking power in governmental or public affairs concern in a course of action adopted by the government there is another view to the art or science of government on decision making –political timing. The British Navy incorporated lemons in the diet of the crew members to fight a disease 263 years back after medical science demonstrated the usefulness. Although the connection separating smoking and lung cancer was made in 1950 it was not until the 1990s that a government policy was put into place to stop smoking in individuals 18 and younger (Lomas, 2000). Inductive Logic To furnish assorted control establishments and stakeholders with an examination aimed at the discovery and interoperation of new knowledge there are three processes. One – a portion of the study is left out and rejects the outcome because researchers defy the outcome. Exercising or seeking power in governmental or public affairs. Two – studies center on clauses and delicate variations in information, but center on clauses and limitations not well accepted in the public policy (Ross & Shapiro, 1999). Three – using the identical data conservatives makes noted facts and policy makers make a course of action adopted by the government. Ross & Shapiro advises that a course of action adopted by government that studies can have exercising or seeking power in the government, and define the studies or if the examinations have worth (Ross & Shapiro, 1999). Deductive Logic The success of making examinations aimed at the discovery greater, and beneficial analysis comprehend processes. There can be no individual correct opinion in government judgment making, values, and examination outcomes will never be understand or believed enough to give the conclusion in a policy dispute (Weiss, 1982). In fact, researchers who do not have the quality or power for making the last policy decision do not obtain a course of action adopted by the government. In addition, actions adopted by the government when in question about what data researchers require, researchers obtain information that is pleasant or relating to government in the researchers association (Weiss, 1982). Furthermore, actions adopted, and pursued by government makers are feeling at ease with the condition and do not alter easily. Finally, the governmental affairs use researchers to back a predetermined policy position is a worthy use of analysis because it gives individuals the general understanding f or the analysis (Weiss, 1982). Findings The significant basis that courses bring to the course of action process is a self – governing, logical method. The stakes are high and some topics are likely argued by special interest stakeholders. The data has to support credibility (Ross & Shapiro, 1999). In fact, researchers should stay away from political discussion on what the researcher means for future policy making. Researchers examining analysis and outcomes based on authorities’ information, individuals should keep in mind that authorities control information is complete information. Furthermore, information can be explained lawfully in unusual ways, and the choice of possible explanations of information can come about from government actions, and have the same legitimacy (Ross & Shapiro, 1999). Qualitative or Quantitative The information in this document is qualitative data because there is information and opinions on many levels. Information is part of a method that contains giving training and understanding for policy deliberations producing words for accepting dilemmas, and producing answers that happen over time (Rist, 1994). With this qualitative data consisting of values represent qualities of non-numerical categories (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009). This is important because it gives information estimation, awareness of past information and analysis on what causes have been and what have not been put into place pertaining to the development (Rist, 1994). In conclusion, research is important in law enforcement policies because the information received can determine what policies have and have not been put into place, and if new policies need to be added. Researchers have to pay attention to the information collected, and have the information needed to know what can and what cannot be used. In fact, researchers give the government the last choice on rather they should use the information or not. Decisions are very important in the research area of law enforcement because the research changes therefore; researchers must have the knowledge and skills on when and when not to use specific data. References Bennett, J.O., Briggs, W.L., & Triola, M.F. (2009). Statistical reasoning for everyday life (3rd ed.) .Boston, MA: Pearson/Addison Wesley Dictionary.com (2013) Garrison, A.H. (2009). The Influence of Research on Criminal Justice Policy Making. Professional Issues in Criminal Justice, 4(1), Lomas, J. (2000, Spring). Connecting research and policy. ISUMA, (), 140-144. Rist, R. (1994). Influencing the policy process with qualitative research. Handbook on qualitative research, (), . Weiss, J. (1976). Using Social Science for Social Policy. Policy Studies Journal, 4(3), 234-238. Weiss, J. (1982). Policy research in the context of diffuse decision making. The Journal of Higher Education, 53(6), 619-639.

Tough Guise

Tough Guise What does it mean to be a man in society? Jackson Katz in the documentary â€Å"Tough Guise† argues that social media puts a lot of pressure on how men should look and act. For example, Arnold Schwarzenegger is possibly one of the most popular role models for young boys and men today. Therefore when our society thinks of the ultimate â€Å"many man† the first thing that comes to mind is strong, aggressive, tall, handsome, courageous, rough, tough, emotionless, insensitive, fearless and practical. Men should not be soft, submissive or weak. If a man would show weakness in any way, there would be much criticism to follow.People fail to realize how their cultural expectations can be harmful to boys, men, women, and society as a whole. Our culture needs to be more excepting of what it â€Å"truly† means to be a man. Gender roles are taught to boys from the very day they are born. Parents treat sons and daughters differently. Little boys are taught to be t ough. When little boy’s cry their parents might respond by telling him to grow up, and be a tough. However if a little girl did the same thing she would most likely receive more sympathy from her parents. A good example of this is in athletics. It is acceptable for a female athlete to cry when an injury takes place.But male athletes are usually made fun of for being â€Å"weak† or â€Å"sissies. † These expectations can be harmful to boys and men. According to Dennis Thompson, some studies show men and women share more emotional similarities than differences. When men are forced to hold in their emotions, they are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure, and participate in riskier behaviors such as smoking or drinking. (â€Å"Gender Differences in Emotional Health. †Ã‚  EverydayHealth. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. ) Boys and men should be allowed to grow up with non-stereotypical responses to their true emotional needs.Due to this tough guise persona, w omen suffer too. In the documentary â€Å"Tough Guise† Jackson Katz talks about the modern multicultural women’s movement. Katz explains how this movement in history has given men new intakes about relationships, work, and parenting. There are now many young men today who are very open minded about relationships between men and women, and sexual equality. But there has also been a â€Å"backlash. † This means some men are not adjusting to these cultural changes. For example Howard Stern plays the role of a â€Å"bad boy† who is only famous for demeaning women.Stern shows women as objects by airing them on television half naked and uses degrading names. Howard Stern makes young male viewers feel good about themselves by degrading women and regressing back to traditional sexist ways. Not only are young men seeing people like Howard Stern as the â€Å"social norm,† they are also being influenced by sexual violence films. Many slasher films show women in sexually explicit ways right before they are being assaulted. Jackson Kratz seems to think this might be why so many men are sexually assaulting women. Violence is rapid among boys and men, which is affecting our whole society.Men and boys are being bullied in their schools. This is resulting in mass murders. In order to show dominance boys and men are relying on guns. In fact, the boys interviewed felt they needed to seek revenge on those who bullied them to assert their manhood. Luke Woodham, who carried out the Pearl, Mississippi, quoted â€Å"people called me gay, stupid, fat, and lazy. Murder is not weak and slow-witted, murder is gutsy and daring. † I am not insane; I did this to show society that people like me are mistreated every day. † ( â€Å"The Day Luke Woodham Killed All Those People. †Ã‚  YouTube. YouTube, 15 Apr. 008. )   Luke Woodham was did not fit into societies cultural norm; therefore felt the need to show his dominance by taking lifeâ⠂¬â„¢s. These are things society needs to think about. Unfortunately Men are putting up a front for society. With this being said men go through a lot in order to fit the stereotypical â€Å"manly man. † Our culture needs to see all of the negative outcomes of putting this kind of pressure on men. Men should be allowed to be true to themselves without being judged. When men are expected to fit a certain stereotype, this sometimes results in violence against women, and society.

Kimmel Financial Accounting Solutions Ch12

CHAPTER 12 Statement of Cash Flows Study Objectives 1. Indicate the usefulness of the statement of cash flows. 2. Distinguish among operating, investing, and financing activities. 3. Explain the impact of the product life cycle on a company’s cash flows. 4. Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. 5. Use the statement of cash flows to evaluate a company. *6. Prepare a statement of cash flows using the direct method. Summary of Questions by Study Objectives and Bloom’s Taxonomy |Item | |? 1. | |? 1. | |? 1. | |? 1. |? 1. | |? 1. |2 |C |? 4|6* |AP|? 7. | | | | |. | | | | | | | | | | | | |1A | |Distinguish among operating, investing, and financing | |Simple | |10–15 | | | |activities. | | | | | | | | | | | | |2A | |Determine cash flow effects of changes in equity accounts. | |Simple | |10–15 | | | | | | | | | |3A | |Prepare the operating activities section—indirect method. |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |*4A | |Prepare t he operating activities section—direct method. | |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |5A | |Prepare the operating activities section—indirect method. |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |*6A | |Prepare the operating activities section—direct method. | |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |7A | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—indirect method, and compute cash-based ratios. |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |*8A | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—direct method, and compute cash-based ratios. | |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |9A | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—indirect method. |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |*10A | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—direct method. | |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |11A | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—indirect method. | |Moderate | 40–50 | | | | | | | | | |12A | |Identify the impact of transactions on ratios. | | Moderate | |25–35 | | | | | | | | | |1B | |Distinguish among operating, investing, and financing | |Simple | |10–15 | | | |activities. | | | | | | | | | | | | |2B | |Determine cash flow effects of changes in plant asset | |Simple | |10–15 | | | |accounts. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |3B | |Prepare the operating activities section—indirect method. |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |*4B | |Prepare the operating activities section—direct method. | |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |5B | |Prepare the operating activities section—indirect method. |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |*6B | |Prepare the operating activities section—direct method. | |Simple | |20–30 | | | | | | | | | |7B | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—indirect method, and compute cash-based ratios. |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE (Continued) |Problem | | | |Difficulty | |Time | |Number | |Des cription | |Level | |Allotted (min. | | | | | | | | | |*8B | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—direct method, and compute cash-based ratios. | |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |9B | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—indirect method. |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |*10B | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—direct method. | |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | | |11B | |Prepare a statement of cash flows—indirect method. | |Moderate | |40–50 | | | | | | | | |ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ?1. (a)The statement of cash flows reports the cash receipts, cash payments, and net change in cash resulting from the operating, investing, and financing activities of a company during a period in a format that reconciles the beginning and ending cash balances. (b)Disagree. The statement of cash flows is required. It is the fourth basic financial statement. ?2. The statement of cash flows answers the following questions about cash: (a) Where di d the cash come from during the period? (b) What was the cash used for during the period? nd (c) What was the change in the cash balance during the period? ?3. The three activities are: Operating activities include the cash effects of transactions that create revenues and expenses and thus enter into the determination of net income. Investing activities include: (a) purchasing and disposing of investments and productive long-lived assets and (b) lending money and collecting loans. Financing activities include: (a) obtaining cash from issuing debt and repaying amounts borrowed and (b) obtaining cash from stockholders, repurchasing shares, and paying them dividends. ?4. a)Major sources of cash in a statement of cash flows include cash from operations; issuance of debt; collection of loans; issuance of capital stock; sale of investments; and the sale of property, plant, and equipment. (b)Major uses of cash include purchase of inventory, payment of cash dividends; redemption of debt; pu rchase of investments; making loans; redemption of capital stock; and the purchase of property, plant, and equipment. ?5. The statement of cash flows presents investing and financing activities so that even noncash transactions of an investing and financing nature are disclosed in the financial statements.If they affect financial conditions significantly, the FASB requires that they be disclosed in either a separate schedule at the bottom of the statement of cash flows or in a separate note or supplementary schedule to the financial statements. ?6. Examples of significant noncash activities are: (1) issuance of stock for assets, (2) conversion of bonds into common stock, (3) issuance of bonds or notes for assets, and (4) noncash exchanges of property, plant, and equipment. ?7. Comparative balance sheets, a current income statement, and certain transaction data all provide information necessary for preparation of the statement of cash flows.Comparative balance sheets indicate how ass ets, liabilities, and equities have changed during the period. A current income statement provides information about the amount of cash provided or used by operations. Certain transactions provide additional detailed information needed to determine how cash was provided or used during the period. ?8. (a)The phases of the corporate life cycle are the introductory phase, growth phase, maturity phase, and decline phase. (b)During the introductory phase, cash from operations and investing would be expected to be negative, and cash from financing would be positive.Questions Chapter 12 (Continued) During the growth phase, a company would be expected to show some small amounts of cash from operations while continuing to show negative cash from investing and positive cash from financing. During the maturity phase, cash from operations, investing, and financing would all be expected to be positive while in the decline phase, cash from operations and investing would continue to be positive wh ile cash from financing would be negative. ?9. Tootsie Roll has positive cash from operations that exceeds its net income.Cash from operations exceeded its investing needs and it retired shares of stock and paid dividends. Tootsie Roll appears to be in the middle to late maturity phase. 10. The advantage of the direct method is that it presents the major categories of cash receipts and cash payments in a format that is similar to the income statement and familiar to statement users. Its principal disadvantage is that the necessary data can be expensive and time-consuming to accumulate. The advantage of the indirect method is it is often considered easier o prepare, and it provides a reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities. It also tends to reveal less company information to competitors. Its primary disadvantage is the difficulty in understanding the adjustments that comprise the reconciliation. Both methods are acceptable but the FASB expressed a pr eference for the direct method. Yet, the indirect method is the overwhelming favorite of companies. 11. When total cash inflows exceed total cash outflows, the excess is identified as a â€Å"net increase in cash† near the bottom of the statement of cash flows. 12.The indirect method involves converting accrual net income to net cash provided by operating activities. This is done by starting with accrual net income and adjusting for items that do not affect cash. Examples of adjustments include depreciation and other noncash expenses, gains and losses on the sale of noncurrent assets, and changes in the balances of current asset and current liability accounts from one period to the next. 13. It is necessary to convert accrual-based net income to cash-basis income because the unadjusted net income includes items that do not provide or use cash.An example would be an increase in accounts receivable. If accounts receivable increased during the period, revenues reported on the ac crual basis would be higher than the actual cash revenues received. Thus, accrual-basis net income must be adjusted to reflect the net cash provided by operating activities. 14. A number of factors could have caused an increase in cash despite the net loss. These are (1) high cash revenues relative to low cash expenses; (2) sales of property, plant, and equipment; (3) sales of investments; (4) issuance of debt or capital stock, and (5) differences between cash and accrual accounting, e. . depreciation. 15. Depreciation expense. Gain or loss on sale of a noncurrent asset. Increase/decrease in accounts receivable. Increase/decrease in inventory. Increase/decrease in accounts payable. Questions Chapter 12 (Continued) 16. Under the indirect method, depreciation is added back to net income to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities because depreciation is an expense but not a cash payment. 17.The statement of cash flows is useful because it provides information to the investors, creditors, and other users about: (1) the company’s ability to generate future cash flows, (2) the company’s ability to pay dividends and meet obligations, (3) the reasons for the difference between net income and net cash provided by operating activities, and (4) the cash and noncash financing and investing transactions during the period. 18. This transaction is reported in the note or schedule entitled â€Å"Noncash investing and financing activities† as follows: â€Å"Retirement of bonds payable through issuance of common stock, $1,700,000. 19. (a)The current ratio is an accrual-based ratio that measures liquidity while the current cash debt coverage ratio is a cash-based ratio that measures liquidity. (b)Solvency can be measured by the debt to total assets ratio (accrual-based) or the cash debt coverage ratio (cash-based). *20. Net cash provided by operating activities under the direct approach is the difference between cash revenues and c ash expenses. The direct approach adjusts the revenues and expenses directly to reflect the cash basis. This results in cash net income, which is equal to â€Å"net cash provided by operating activities. | | | | | |  + Decrease in accounts receivable | |*21. |(a) |Cash receipts from customers = Revenues from sales | | | | | | | | | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Increase in accounts receivable | | | | | | | | | | | | |  + Increase in inventory | | |(b) |Purchases = Cost of goods sold | | | | | | | | | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Decrease in inventory | | | | | | | | | | | | |  + Decrease in accounts payable | | | |Cash payments to suppliers = Purchases | | | | | | | | | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Increase in accounts payable | | | | | | | | 22. Sales$2,000,000 Add: Decrease in accounts receivables 100,000 Cash receipts from customers$2,100,000 *23. Depreciation expense is not listed in the direct method operating activities section because it is not a cash flow item—it does not affect cash. SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES BRIEF EXERCISE 12-1 (a)Cash inflow from financing activity, $200,000. (b)Cash outflow from investing activity, $150,000. (c)Cash inflow from investing activity, $20,000. (d)Cash outflow from financing activity, $50,000.BRIEF EXERCISE 12-2 (a)Investing activity. (d)Operating activity. (b)Investing activity. (e)Financing activity. (c)Financing activity. (f)Financing activity. BRIEF EXERCISE 12-3 Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of bonds payable$300,000) Payment of dividends(70,000) Net cash provided by financing activities$230,000) BRIEF EXERCISE 12-4 (a)Cash from operations would be lower than net income during the growth phase because inventory must be purchased for future projected sales.Since sales during the growth phase are projected to be increasing, inventory purchases must increase and inventory expensed on an accrual basis would be less than inventory purchased on a cash basis. Also, collections on accounts receivable would lag beh ind sales; thus, accrual sales would exceed cash collections during the period. (b)Cash from investing is often positive during the late maturity phase and the decline phase because the firm may sell off excess long-term assets that are no longer needed for productive purposes. BRIEF EXERCISE 12-5Net cash provided by operating activities is $2,680,000. Using the indirect approach, the solution is: Net income$2,500,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$110,000) Accounts receivable decrease? 350,000) Accounts payable decrease(280,000) 180,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$2,680,000 BRIEF EXERCISE 12-6 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$280,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$70,000Loss on sale of plant assets? 22,000 92,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$372,000 BRIEF EXERCISE 12-7 Net income$200,000 Adjustm ents to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Decrease in accounts receivable$80,000) Increase in prepaid expenses(28,000) Increase in inventories(40,000) 12,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$212,000 BRIEF EXERCISE 12-8 Original cost of equipment sold$22,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation 5,500 Book value of equipment sold? 16,500 Less: Loss on sale of equipment 3,500Cash flow from sale of equipment$13,000 BRIEF EXERCISE 12-9 (a)Free cash flow = $127,260,000 – $221,160,000 – $0 = ($93,900,000) (b)Current cash debt coverage ratio = $127,260,000 ? $243,668,000 = .52 times (c)Cash debt coverage ratio = $127,260,000 ? $928,464,500 = . 14 times BRIEF EXERCISE 12-10 (a)Free cash flow = $405,000 – $200,000 – $0 = $205,000 (b)Current cash debt coverage ratio = $405,000 ? $150,000 = 2. 7 times (c)Cash debt coverage ratio = $405,000 ? $225,000 = 1. 8 times BRIEF EXERCISE 12-11 Free cash flow = $123,100,000 – $20,800, 000 = $102,300,000 BRIEF EXERCISE 12-12Free cash flow is cash provided by operations less capital expenditures and cash dividends paid. For Payne Inc. this would be $364,000 ($734,000 – $280,000 – $90,000). Since it has positive free cash flow that far exceeds its dividend, an increase in the dividend might be possible. However, other factors should be considered. For example, it must have adequate retained earnings, and it should be convinced that a larger dividend can be sustained over future years. It should also use the free cash flow to expand its operations or pay down its debt. *BRIEF EXERCISE 12-13 | | | | | | + Decrease in accounts receivable | |Receipts from |= |Sales | | | | | |customers | |revenues | | | | | | | | | | | | – Increase in accounts receivable | | | | | | | | | $1,285,759,000 = $1,287,672,000 – $1,913,000 (Increase in accounts receivable) *BRIEF EXERCISE 12-14 | | | | | | + Decrease in income taxes payable | |Cash payment |= |Incom e Tax | | | | | |for income taxes | |Expense | | | | | | | | | | | | – Increase in income taxes payable | | | | | | | | | $125,000,000 = $370,000,000 – $245,000,000* *$522,000,000 – $277,000,000 = $245,000,000 (Increase in income taxes payable) *BRIEF EXERCISE 12-15 | | | | | | + Increase in prepaid expenses | | | | | | | | | |Cash |= |Operating | | | | – Decrease in prepaid expenses | |payments for | |expenses, | | | | | |operating | |excluding | | | | | |expenses | |depreciation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Decrease in accrued expenses payable | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | – Increase in accrued expenses payable | | | | | | | | | $79,000 = $90,000 – $6,600 – $4,400 SOLUTIONS TO DO IT! REVIEW EXERCISES DO IT! 12-1 (1)Financing activity (2)Operating activity (3)Financing activity (4)Investing activity (5)Investing acti vity DO IT! 12-2 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$100,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation expense$6,000 Patent amortization expense2,000 Gain on sale of equipment(3,600) Decrease in accounts receivable6,000 Increase in accounts payable   3,200  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13,600 Net cash provided by operating activities$113,600 DO IT! 12-3 (a) Free cash flow = $73,700 – $27,000 –$15,000 = $31,700 b) Cash provided by operating activities fails to take into account that a company a must invest in new plant assets just to maintain the current level of operations. Companies must also maintain dividends at current levels to satisfy investors. The measurement of free cash flow provides additional insight regarding a company’s cash-generating ability. SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES EXERCISE 12-1 (a)Noncash investing and financing activities. (b)Financing activities. (c)Noncash investing and financing activities. (d)Financing activities. (e)Investing activities. (f)Operating activities. (g)Operating activities. EXERCISE 12-2 |(a) |Operating activity. | |(h) |Financing activity. |(b) |Noncash investing and | |(i) |Operating activity. | | |financing activity. | |(j) |Noncash investing and financing | |(c) |Investing activity. | | |activity. | |(d) |Financing activity. | |(k) |Investing activity. | |(e) |Operating activity. | |(l) |Operating activity. | |(f) |Noncash investing and financing activity. | |(m) |Operating activity (loss); investing | | |Operating activity. | | |activity (cash proceeds from sale). |(g) | | |(n) |Financing activity. | EXERCISE 12-3 |Point in Time | |Phase | | | | | |A | |Introductory phase | |B | |Decline phase | |C | |Maturity phase | |D | |Growth phase | During the introductory phase (point A), cash from operations and investing are expected to be negative while cash from financing would be positive.In the growth phase (point D), a company would continue to show negative cash from operations and investing and positive cash from financing. EXERCISE 12-3 (Continued) During the maturity phase (point C), cash from operations and net income would be approximately the same. Cash from operations would exceed investing needs. In the decline phase (point B), cash from operations would diminish while cash from financing would be negative. EXERCISE 12-4 JEREZ COMPANY Partial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$190,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$35,000Loss on sale of equipment 5,000 Increase in accounts payable? 17,000 Decrease in accounts receivable? 15,000 Decrease in prepaid expenses 4,000 76,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$266,000 EXERCISE 12-5 KITSELTON INC. Partial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$153,000 Adjus tments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$34,000) Increase in accrued expenses payable? 10,000) Decrease in inventory? 4,000 Increase in prepaid expenses (5,000) Decrease in accounts payable(7,000) Increase in accounts receivable  (11,000) 25,000Net cash provided by operating activities$178,000 EXERCISE 12-6 FELIX CORPORATION Statement of Cash Flows—Indirect Method For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows operating activities Net income$284,100 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$187,000 Increase in income tax payable4,700 Decrease in accounts payable     Ã‚  (3,700) Increase in accounts receivable(8,200) Increase in inventory   (11,000)   168,800 Net cash provided by operating activities452,900 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of land     Ã‚  35,000 Purchase of building  (129,000) Net cash used by investing activities(94,0 00)Cash flows from financing activities Issuance of bonds200,000 Payment of dividend   (12,000) Purchase of treasury stock     (32,000) Net cash provided by financing activities   156,000 Net increase in cash514,900 Cash at beginning of period  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45,000 Cash at end of period$559,900 EXERCISE 12-7 TOVAR CORP Partial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$? 72,000) Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$28,000) Loss on sale of equipment 8,000) 36,000) Net cash provided by operating activities? 108,000) Cash flows from investing activitiesSale of equipment? 11,000* Purchase of equipment(70,000) Construction of equipment(53,000) Net cash used by investing activities(112,000) Cash flows from financing activities Payment of cash dividends? (19,000) *Cost of equipment sold$49,000) *Accumulated depreciation (30,000)) *Book value? 19,000) *Loss on sale of equipment? (8,000)) *Cash proceeds$11,000) EXERCISE 12-8 (a)MATSUI COMPANY Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$ 93,000) Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$34,000) Decrease in inventory? 19,000)Increase in accounts receivable? (9,000) Decrease in accounts payable(8,000) 36,000) Net cash provided by operating activities? 129,000) Cash flows from investing activities Sale of land? 20,000) Purchase of equipment(60,000) Net cash used by investing activities? (40,000) Cash flows from financing activities Issuance of common stock? 42,000) Payment of cash dividends (35,000) Redemption of bonds (50,000) Net cash used by financing activities? (43,000) Net increase in cash 46,000) Cash at beginning of period 22,000) Cash at end of period$? 68,000) EXERCISE 12-8 (Continued) (b)1. Current cash debt coverage ratio: |Net cash provided |? Average current | |by operating activities | |liabilities | |$129,000 |? |[pic] |= |3. 0 times | |[Per Part (a)] | | | | | 2. Cash debt coverage ratio: |Net cash provided |? |Average total | |by operating activities | |liabilities | $129,000 ? [pic] = . 59 times *$47,000 + $200,000 **$39,000 + $150,000 EXERCISE 12-9 | | | |PepsiCo |Coca-Cola | |(a) |Liquidity | | | | | | |Current cash debt | |[pic] = . 75 times | |[pic] = . 64 times | | |coverage ratio | | | | | |(b) |Solvency | | | | | | |Cash debt coverage ratio | |[pic] = . 38 times | |[pic] = . 6 times | | | | | | | | | |Free cash flow | |$6,084 – $2,068 – $1,854 | |$5,957 – $1,407 – $2,911 | | | | |= $2,162 | |= $1,639 | PepsiCo’s liquidity is higher (better) than Coca-Cola’s. PepsiCo’s current cash debt coverage ratio is 17% higher than Coca-Cola’s. Coca-Cola’s solvency is slightly higher than PepsiCo’s since its cash debt coverage ratio is higher but its f ree cash flow smaller. EXERCISE 12-10 | | |Hoyt | |Rex | | | | |Corporation | |Corporation | |(a) |Liquidity | | | | | | |Current cash debt | |[pic] = 2. 0 times | |[pic] = 1. 0 times | | |coverage ratio | | | | | |(b) |Solvency | | | | | | |Cash debt | |[pic] = . 50 times | |[pic] = 0. 0 times | | |coverage ratio | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Free cash flow | |$100,000 – $40,000 – $5,000 | |$100,000 – $70,000 – $10,000 | | | | |= $55,000 | |= $20,000 | Hoyt’s liquidity and solvency ratios are higher (better) than Rex’s comparable ratios. In particular, Hoyt’s current cash debt coverage ratio is twice as high as Rex’s.This ratio indicates that Hoyt is substantially more liquid than Rex. Hoyt’s solvency, as measured by the cash debt coverage ratio and free cash flow, is also better than Rex’s. *EXERCISE 12-11 Revenues$192,000) Deduct: Increase in accounts receivable(70,000) Cash receipts from customers*$122,000 O perating expenses 83,000) Deduct: Increase in accounts payable(23,000) Cash payments for operating expenses** 60,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$? 62,000 |** |Accounts Receivable | | |Balance, Beginning of year    | | | |Revenues for the year 192,000   |  Cash receipts for year 122,000 | | |Balance, End of year ? 70,000   | | |** |Accounts Payable | | | |  Balance, Beginning of year 0 | | |Payments for the year ? 0,000   |  Operating expenses for year ? 83,000 | | | |  Balance, End of year ? 23,000 | *EXERCISE 12-12 (a)Cash payments to suppliers Cost of goods sold$5,349. 7million Add: Increase in inventory 4. 7 Cost of purchases$5,354. 4million Deduct: Increase in accounts payable(156. 1) Cash payments to suppliers$5,198. 3million (b)Cash payments for operating expenses Operating expenses exclusive of depreciation ($11,791. 6 – $1,249. 9)$10,541. 7millionDeduct: Decrease in prepaid expenses$(204. 5) Increase in accrued expenses payabl e  (37. 0) (241. 5) Cash payments for operating expenses$10,300. 2million *EXERCISE 12-13 Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipts from Customers$240,000* Dividend revenue 18,000* ?258,000* Less cash payments: To suppliers for merchandise$105,000 For salaries and wages? 53,000 For operating expenses? 28,000 For income taxes? 12,000 For interest     Ã‚  10,000? 208,000* Net cash provided by operating activities$? 50,000* *$48,000 + $192,000 *EXERCISE 12-14 MOSQUITO HOLLOW CORP. Statement of Cash Flows—Direct Method For the Year Ended December 31, 2010Cash flows form operating activities Cash receipts from customers$566,100 Less: Cash payments: For goods and services$279,100 For income taxes93,000 For operating expenses77,000 For interest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22,400   471,500 Net cash provided by operating activities94,600 Cash flows form investing activities Sale of building202,400 Purchase of equipment  (113,200) Net cash provided by investing activities89,200 Cash flows from financing activities Issuance of common stock355,000 Payment of cash dividend (21,800) Purchase treasury stock(57,300) Cash paid to redeem bonds at maturity  (200,000) Net cash provided by financing activities  Ã‚  Ã‚   75,900 Net increase in cash259,700Cash at beginning of period  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11,000 Cash at end of period$270,700 *EXERCISE 12-15 Cash payments for rentals Rent expense$ 30,000* Add: Increase in prepaid rent? ?3,100* Cash payments for rent$ 33,100* Cash payments for salaries Salaries expense$ 54,000* Add: Decrease in salaries payable? ?2,000* Cash payments for salaries$ 56,000* Cash receipts from customers Revenue from sales$160,000* Add: Decrease in accounts receivable 9,000* Cash receipts from customers$169,000* SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS |PROBLEM 12-1A | | | | |Cash Inflow, Outflow, or No Effect? | | | | | | |Transaction |Where Reported | | |(a) |Recorded depreciation |O |No cash flow effect | | |expense on the plant assets. | | | |(b) |Re corded and paid interest expense. |O |Cash outflow | |(c) |Recorded cash proceeds from a sale of plant assets. |I |Cash inflow | |(d) |Acquired land by issuing |NC |No cash flow effect | | |common stock. | | |(e) |Paid a cash dividend |F |Cash outflow | | |to preferred stockholders. | | | |(f) |Distributed a stock dividend |NC |No cash flow effect | | |to common stockholders. | | | |(g) |Recorded cash sales. |O |Cash inflow | |(h) |Recorded sales on account. O |No cash flow effect | |(i) |Purchased inventory for cash. |O |Cash outflow | |(j) |Purchased inventory on |O |No cash flow effect | | |account. | | | |PROBLEM 12-2A | (a)Net income can be determined by analyzing the retained earnings account. Retained earnings beginning of year$270,000 Add: Net income (plug) 60,500* 330,500 Less: Cash dividends20,000 Stock dividends 10,500 Retained earnings, end of year$300,000 ($300,000 + $10,500 + $20,000 – $270,000) (b)Cash inflow from the issue of stock was $14,500 ($165,000 à ¢â‚¬â€œ $140,000 – $10,500). Common Stock | |140,000 | | | |10,500 |Stock Dividend | | |14,500 |Shares Issued for Cash | | |165,000 | | Cash outflow for dividends was $20,000. The stock dividend does not use cash. c)Both of the above activities (issue of common stock and payment of dividends) would be classified as financing activities on the statement of cash flows. |PROBLEM 12-3A | GRIDER COMPANY Partial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended November 30, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$1,650,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$ 80,000 Decrease in inventory500,000 Decrease in accrued expenses payable  (100,000) Increase in prepaid expenses(150,000) Increase in accounts receivable(300,000) Decrease in accounts payable  (350,000)  Ã‚   (320,000) Net cash provided by operating activities$1,330,000 |*PROBLEM 12-4A | GRIDER COMPANYPartial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year End ed November 30, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipts from customers$7,400,000(1) Less cash payments: To suppliers$4,750,000(2) For operating expenses? 1,320,000(3)? 6,070,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$1,330,000 Computations: (1)Cash receipts from customers Sales$7,700,000 Deduct: Increase in accounts receivable (300,000) Cash receipts from customers$7,400,000 (2)Cash payments to suppliers Cost of goods sold$4,900,000 Deduct: Decrease in inventories (500,000) Cost of purchases? 4,400,000 Add: Decrease in accounts payable 350,000 Cash payments to suppliers$4,750,000 3)Cash payments for operating expenses Operating expenses, exclusive of depreciation$1,070,000* Add: Increase in prepaid expenses$150,000 Decrease in accrued expenses payable100,000 250,000 Cash payments for operating expenses$1,320,000 *$450,000 + ($700,000 – $80,000) |PROBLEM 12-5A | JANTZEN COMPANY Partial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash fl ows from operating activities Net income$230,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$70,000 Loss on sale of equipment16,000 Increase in accounts payable13,000Increase in income taxes payable 6,000 Increase in accounts receivable  (10,000) 95,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$325,000 |*PROBLEM 12-6A | JANTZEN COMPANY Partial Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipts from customers$960,000(1) Less cash payments: For operating expenses$601,000(2) For income taxes 34,000(3)? 635,000 Net cash provided by operating activities$325,000 (1)Computation of cash receipts from customers Revenues$970,000 Deduct: Increase in accounts receivable ($70,000 – $60,000)? (10,000) Cash receipts from customers$960,000 2)Computation of cash payments for operating expenses Operating expenses per income statement$614,000 Deduct: Increase in accounts payable ($41,000 – $28,000)  Ã‚  Ã‚  (13,000) Cash payments for operating expenses$601,000 (3)Computation of cash payments for income taxes Income tax expense per income statement$ 40,000 Deduct: Increase in income taxes payable ($13,000 – $7,000)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (6,000) Cash payments for income taxes$ 34,000 |PROBLEM 12-7A | (a)TRAHAN COMPANY Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$32,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income o net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$17,500* Increase in accounts payable? 9,000 Decrease in income taxes payable? (1,000) Increase in merchandise inventory(7,000) Increase in accounts receivable  (19,000)? (500) Net cash provided by operating activities31,500 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of equipment8,500 Cash flows from financing activities Issuance of common stock4,000 Redemption of bonds (6,000) Payment of dividends  (20,000 ) Net cash used by financing activities  (22,000) Net increase in cash18,000 Cash at beginning of period  Ã‚  20,000 Cash at end of period$38,000 *$32,000 – ($24,000 – $9,500(A)) = $17,500 A)$18,000 (cost of equipment) – $8,500 (book value) = $9,500 (accumulated depreciation for equipment sold) PROBLEM 12-7A (Continued) |(b) 1. |$31,500 |? |[pic] = 1. 17 times | | |[Per Part (a)] | | | *$15,000 + $8,000 **$24,000 + $7,000 2. $31,500 ? [pic] = . 55 times *$15,000 + $8,000 + $33,000 **$24,000 + $7,000 + $27,000 3. $31,500 – $0 – $20,000 = $11,500 |*PROBLEM 12-8A | (a)TRAHAN COMPANY Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activitiesCash receipts from customers$223,000(1) Less cash payments: To suppliers$173,000(2) For operating expenses 6,500(3) For interest 3,000 For income taxes 9,000(4)? 191,500 Net cash provided by operating activities 31,500 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of equipmen t8,500 Cash flows from financing activities Issuance of common stock 4,000 Redemption of bonds (6,000) Payment of dividends? (20,000) Net cash used by financing activities? (22,000) Net decrease in cash 18,000 Cash at beginning of period 20,000 Cash at end of period$? 38,000 Computations: (1)Cash receipts from customers Sales$242,000 Deduct: Increase in accounts receivable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (19,000)Cash receipts from customers$223,000 *PROBLEM 12-8A (Continued) (2)Cash payments to suppliers Cost of goods sold$175,000 Add: Increase in inventory 7,000 Cost of purchases? 182,000 Deduct: Increase in accounts payable? ?9,000 Cash payments to suppliers$173,000 (3)Cash payments for operating expenses Operating expenses$24,000 Deduct: Depreciation $32,000 – ($24,000 – $9,500*)  Ã‚  17,500 Cash payments for operating expenses$ 6,500 *$18,000 – $8,500 = $9,500 (4)Cash payments for income taxes Income tax expense$8,000 Add: Decrease in income taxes payable 1,000 Cash payments for income taxes$9,000 |(b) 1. |$31,500 |? |[pic] = 1. 7 times | | |[Per Part (a)] | | | **$15,000 + $8,000 ***$24,000 + $7,000 2. $31,500 ? [pic] = . 55 times *$15,000 + $8,000 + $33,000 **$24,000 + $7,000 + $27,000 3. $31,500 – $0 – $20,000 = $11,500 |PROBLEM 12-9A | CIPRA INC. Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$158,900 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$46,500Increase in accounts payable 34,700 Loss on sale of plant assets7,500 Decrease in accrued expenses payable (500) Increase in prepaid expenses? (2,400) Increase in inventory? (9,650) Increase in accounts receivable  (54,800)? 21,350 Net cash provided by operating activities? 180,250 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of plant assets1,500 Purchase of investments (24,000) Purchase of plant assets (100,000) Net cash used by investing activities(122,500) Cash flo ws from financing activities Sale of common stock45,000 Payment of cash dividends (30,350) Redemption of bonds (40,000) Net cash used by financing activities (25,350)Net increase in cash 32,400 Cash at beginning of period 48,400 Cash at end of period$? 80,800 |*PROBLEM 12-10A | CIPRA INC. Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipts from customers$337,980(1) Less cash payments: To suppliers$110,410(2) For income taxes 27,280 For operating expenses 15,310(3) For interest 4,730? 157,730 Net cash provided by operating activities? 180,250 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of plant assets 1,500 Purchase of investments? (24,000) Purchase of plant assets (100,000) Net cash used by investing ? activities(122,500) Cash flows from financing activities Sale of common stock 45,000 Payment of cash dividends? (30,350) Redemption of bonds? (40,000) Net cash used by financing activities (25,350) Net increase in cash 32,40 0 Cash at beginning of period 48,400 Cash at end of period$? 80,800 Computations: (1)Cash receipts from customers Sales$392,780 Deduct: Increase in accounts receivable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (54,800) Cash receipts from customers$337,980 *PROBLEM 12-10A (Continued) (2)Cash payments to suppliers Cost of goods sold$135,460 Add: Increase in inventory 9,650 Cost of purchases? 145,110 Deduct: Increase in accounts payable? (34,700)Cash payments to suppliers$110,410 (3)Cash payments for operating expenses Operating expenses exclusive of depreciation$12,410 Add: Increase in prepaid expenses$2,400 Decrease in accrued expenses payable 500 2,900 Cash payment for operating expenses$15,310 |PROBLEM 12-11A | MERCADO COMPANY Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2010 Cash flows from operating activities Net income$ 37,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$42,000 Decrease in accounts receivable? 12,000 Decrease in prepaid ex penses 5,720 Increase in accounts payable? ,730 Loss on sale of equipment2,000 Increase in inventory  Ã‚   (9,450)? 57,000 Net cash provided by operating activities? 94,000 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of land? 25,000 Sale of equipment? 8,000 Purchase of equipment(95,000) Net cash used by investing activities? (62,000) Cash flows from financing activities Payment of cash dividends  (12,000) Net cash used by financing activities  (12,000) Net increase in cash20,000 Cash at beginning of period? 45,000 Cash at end of period$65,000 Noncash investing and financing activities Conversion of bonds by issuance of common stock$40,000 |PROBLEM 12-12A | | | |Current Cash Debt Coverage | | | | | |Ratio |Cash Debt Coverage Ratio | | | |Free Cash Flow ($125,000) |(0. 5 times) |(0. 3 times) | | | | | | | | |Transaction | | | | |(a) |Recorded credit sales $2,500. |NE |NE |NE | |(b) |Collected $1,500 owing from customers. I |I |I | |(c) |Paid amount owing |D |D |D | | |to supp liers, $2,750. | | | | |(d) |Recorded sales returns of $500 and credited the |NE |NE |NE | | |customer’s account. | | | | |(e) |Purchased new equipment $5,000; signed a long-term |D* |NE |D | | |note payable for the cost of the equipment. | | | |(f) |Purchased a patent and paid $15,000 cash for the |D |NE |NE | | |asset. | | | | *Note to Instructor: If only cash capital expenditures are deducted, this answer would be NE. |BYP 12-1 FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM | (a)Net cash provided by operating activities: 2007 $90,064 2006 $55,656Some causes of the significant changes in net cash provided by operating activities during 2007 were the decrease in the accounts receivable, a decrease in inventories, and a decrease in income taxes payable and deferred. (b)The increase in cash and cash equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2007 was $1,877,000. (c)Tootsie Roll uses the indirect method of computing and presenting the net cash provided by operating activities. (d)According to t he statement of cash flows, accounts receivable decreased $2,591,000 in 2007. Inventories decreased $6,506,000 in 2007. Accounts payable (and accrued liabilities) decreased $3,234,000 in 2007. (e)The net cash used by investing activities in 2007 was $43,345,000. (f)The supplemental disclosure of cash flow information disclosed interest paid of $537,000 and income taxes paid of $11,343,000 in 2007. BYP 12-2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PROBLEM | |(a) | | | |Hershey | |Tootsie Roll | | | | | | | | | | |1. |Current cash | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |debt coverage | |= . 51 times | |= 1. 0 times | | | |ratio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2. |Cash debt | |[pic] | |[pic]= . 54 times | | | |coverage ratio | |= . 22 times | | | **$57,972 + $116,523 **$62,211 + $98,747 (b)Tootsie Roll’s current cash debt coverage ratio provides a ratio of $1. 50 of cash from operations for every dollar of current debt.It is a better representation of liquidity on an average day than the current ratio. Tootsie Ro ll’s higher ratio (1. 50 vs. .51) indicates Tootsie Roll was significantly more liquid in 2007 than Hershey but both measures are acceptable. The cash debt coverage ratio shows a company’s ability to repay its liabilities from cash generated from operating activities without having to liquidate the assets employed in its operations. Since Tootsie Roll’s cash debt coverage ratio was more than twice as large (. 54 vs. .22) as Hershey’s, Tootsie Roll’s ability to repay liabilities with cash from operations was significantly greater than Hershey’s in 2007. BYP 12-3 RESEARCH CASE | (a)The article suggests that most people aren’t concerned about Sears’s liquidity. Instead, the concern is that the company won’t have adequate cash to implement the changes it needs to make a return to profitability. Also, some investors were concerned that a cash shortage will reduce Sears’s ability to carry out the treasury stock buyback program that it had previously announced. (b) At the time of the article, Sears had not reported its cash flow numbers. It had, however, reported an estimate that by the end of the quarter the company would have $1 billion in cash on hand. This was lower that analysts had expected.Based upon estimates of amounts that the company had spent on treasury stock, debt repayment, and capital expenditures, analysts determined that it was likely that, to arrive at $1 billion in cash on hand, the company’s cash flow must have declined. (c)Individuals who tried to defend Sears said that they thought it was inappropriate to make such negative statements about the company based on estimates. They suggested it would be better to wait until the company reports its actual cash flow numbers before evaluating the company. (d)The article suggests that, if, in fact, Sears’s cash flow is declining, it is a bad time of year for that to be happening. Normally the fourth quarter would be a p eriod when cash flows would be strong, because of the holiday shopping season.In contrast, Sears frequently experiences negative cash from operations during the first three quarters of the year. |BYP 12-4 INTERPRETING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | (a)Current ratio—2001:$1,207. 9? $ 921. 4= 1. 31 —2004:$2,539. 4? $1,620. 4= 1. 57 Current cash debt ?coverage ratio—2001:($119. 8)? $ 948. 2= (. 13) times —2004: $566. 6? $1,436. 6= . 39 times Both Amazon’s current ratio and its current cash debt coverage ratio improved dramatically from 2001 to 2004. Amazon’s current ratio increased by 20% (from 1. 31 to 1. 57) during the 3-year period.In addition Amazon’s current cash debt coverage ratio improved by $. 52 per dollar of current liabilities (from a negative $. 13 per dollar in 2001 to a positive $. 39 per dollar in 2004). Amazon’s liquidity improved greatly from 2001 to 2004. (b)Cash debt ?coverage ratio—2001:($119. 8)? $3,090. 0= ( . 04) times —2004: $566. 6? $4,773. 4= . 12 times Debt to total ?assets ratio—2001:$3,077. 5? $1,637. 5= 1. 88 —2004:$5,096. 1? $3,248. 5= 1. 57 Amazon’s solvency also improved significantly from 2001 to 2004. Its cash debt coverage ratio increased by $. 16 per dollar of total liabilities during the 3-year period. Amazon’s debt to total assets ratio also improved (decreased) by 16% from 2001 to 2004. c)Free cash flow—2001:($119. 8)–$50. 3 – $0= ($170. 1) —2004: $566. 6–$89. 1 – $0= $477. 5 Amazon’s free cash flow increased by almost $650 million from 2001 to 2004. The increase was caused by Amazon finally generating a profit in 2004. If Amazon is able to continue operating at a profit and producing a large free cash flow, it should be able to finance an expansion of its operations. BYP 12-4 (Continued) (d)While these measures tell us a lot about Amazon. com, they don’t tell us whether the stoc k price is reasonable. Amazon. com’s high stock price is a reflection of a belief by investors that Amazon. com will continue to grow incredibly fast.If this growth falters, its stock price will fall rather quickly. Also, Amazon. com’s heavy reliance on debt financing compounds the risk of investing in its stock because it may have a difficult time paying its debts if its growth does not continue. |BYP 12-5 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ON THE WEB | Answers will vary depending on the company chosen by the student. |BYP 12-6 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION | (a)DEVITO COMPANY Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended January 31, 2010Cash flows from operating activities Net loss$(35,000)* Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation expense$? 55,000 Gain from sale of investment? ?(5,000)50,000 Net cash provided by operating activities15,000 Cash flows from investing activities Sale of investment 80,000 Purchase of inves tment ? (75,000) Purchase of fixtures and equipment  (320,000) Net cash used by investing activities(315,000)* Cash flows from financing activities Sale of capital stock? 405,000 Purchase of treasury stock? (10,000) Net cash provided by financing activities395,000 Net increase in cash 95,000 Cash at beginning of period? 40,000 Cash at end of period$235,000 Noncash investing and financing activities Issuance of note for truck$20,000 BYP 12-6 (Continued) *Computation of net income (loss) Sales of merchandise$385,000 Interest revenue 6,000 Gain on sale of investm

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Carriage of goods by sea - Outline Example act, the carrier of the corresponding carrier contract is wholly liable for the loses or eventual damage conducted on the goods he or she delivers unless the cause of the loss emanates from dangers of excepted perils. The carrier is conspicuously entitled to limits of liability regarding any prevailing conditions of the contract. Some of the typical court cases exhibited in attempts to solve judicial system or legal challenges expected in the legal field. Federal marine terminal versus Worcester peat Co in the first circuit of the court appeals revolved around this sea complaint issue. Historically, the courts have had challenges imposing demurrage liability on the parties that exhibits neither signatory, possessor or successor on the documents that entails or expressly or by incorporation conforms to demurrage, the extensive loading of the stevedore who was essentially not in the conventional privities are not entirely involved in the demurrage that the involved shipper was required to pay with regards to the frequented delays in the loading of the cargo ; peat moss. Stevedore was inherently not found liable for the loss of the vessel due to the noted delays exposed as the shipper failed to substantiate the evidence of the amount peat moss was lost in the process of loading ant also could establish the quan tity of the lost amount was far above the anticipated nature of cargo.2 In the case entailing Senator Linie versus Sunway Line the second court of appeals on may 17, 2002 major and critical stem of the case was on the relevance of the passing of judgment regarding a case where the entailed shipper or carrier had constructive knowledge of the exhibited perilous nature of the cargo, 46 U.S.C. Â § 1304(6) permits strict liability to the shipper for damages and the prevailing expenses arisen from the eventual shipment of the goods delivered. The law hence compelled the shipper

Assessment on MFL with ICT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Assessment on MFL with ICT - Essay Example characterized by some or all of the following features: under-performance in all four language skills; the setting of impossible or pointless tasks for average (and in particular less able) pupils and their abandonment of modern language learning at the first opportunity; excessive use of English and an inability to produce other than inadequate or largely unusable statements in the modern language; inefficient reading skills; and writing limited mainly to mechanical reproduction which was often extremely inaccurate. Such was the opinion of HMI. A teacher writing in the Audio-Visual Language Journal in 1978 described a number of other problems, too. He analyzed the situation from both his and the pupil's point of view. He wrote: It has been very hard work, demanding an inordinate amount of preparation and a great expenditure of energy in an attempt to motivate the apathetic core that exists in every CSE class. But the examinations are always a bitter disappointment and a derisory return for those children who have shown interest and worked well: a grade higher than 4 is rare, even though the candidates always include children who have the potential for a 1 or 2. From these two perspective... The CSE (Certificate of Secondary Education), first introduced in 1965, and the GCE 'O' level (General Certificate of Education Ordinary level) examinations, in existence long before, seemed inappropriate and needed revision. It was in this context of producing an examination better suited to the needs of learners of all abilities, and of motivating all children aged from 11 to 16, and especially those of average and below average ability, that the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and Graded Objectives in Modern Languages (GOML) were developed. A combination of the new, joint 16+ examination and the GOML movement were seen by many people as realistic ways of assessing and motivating the whole ability range of pupils in secondary schools. Graded Objectives in Modern Languages The Graded Objectives movement achieved its momentum in the 1970s. It was prompted largely by a feeling among teachers that, in the context of the proposed new 16+ examination, the majority of their pupils could not be expected to sustain their interest and motivation for five years without some formal indications of successful learning. The principle of the five year course which must be completed before a public examination could be taken [was considered unacceptable]. The first principle of the graded objectives scheme was therefore that the traditional five year course to CSE/'O' level should be broken up into a set of shorter term objectives, each one leading to the next and each one building on its predecessor. (Harding, Page and Rowell 1980:3-4) The second principle of the Graded Objectives movement was that learners should be given worthwhile and realistic tasks to do which were (A) Achievable by all abilities

Salem Witch Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Salem Witch Trials - Essay Example The fear that swept through the colony would in today's time be irrational but during this era of Puritanism it was a balanced and bona fide response. Puritans believed that the devil offered material recompense for collusion with him. Some of the evidence used in the trials was spectral evidence whereby those who had been affected claimed they had seen the apparition of the person who had afflicted them. In order for this to happen the Devil, it was said, had to be given permission by the accused to use their shape when appearing before their victims. A minister who was involved in the trials, Increase Mather and other ministers wrote a letter to the courts of Salem insisting that spectral evidence alone should not be used to convict the accused. (Mather, 1693) During one trial the accused Mary Osgood in her defense stated "the Lord would not suffer it so to be, that the devil should afflict in an innocent persons shape". She talked about how the devil had offered her rewards for her collusion and whilst she had agreed was able to prove that actually her life had become worse since her involvement with Satan and therefore had never fulfilled any commitment made to him (Reis, 1997). Consequently her life was spared. It was the women who denied conspiracy with Satan that faced execution for witch craft and testified that they would gain absolution from God upon death due to their innocence. At Sarah Goods execution she proclaimed the following to the minister "I am no more a witch than you are a wizard and if you take away my life God will give you blood to drink" (Reis, 1997). During the trials the situation reached hysterical proportions and it is the sheer size of the occurrences of accusations that has warranted further investigation to create a rationale for the multitude of persecutions. Even during the trials the hysteria generated called some individuals to instigate an examination of possible alternatives to witchcraft. The initial accusations in Salem Village resulted with the testimony of Betty Parris, age 9, the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris, the Puritan Minister of Salem during the trials, and her cousin Abigail Williams, age 11, the young girls began having fits that were said to be "beyond the power of epileptic fits or natural disease to effect" (Hale, 1697). Other women in the village also began to display similar symptoms shortly after. The women accused of affecting the girls through the powers of witchcraft were Sarah Osborne, Sarah Good and a female slave called Tituba who was indentured to the Parris family. Sarah Osborn was marri ed to one of her own servants and rarely attended church, Sarah Good was renowned for begging and asking for shelter and Tituba had a different background to that of Puritanism. The girls had accused Tituba of witchcraft and she was consequently beaten into a confession that she was indeed a witch. Due to these three individuals hardly measuring up to being what would have been deemed at the time as respectable members of the Puritan community they were obvious suspects for the rituals of witchcraft. However it wasn't long before upstanding and often influential members of their community began being accused

Basic principals of the constitution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Basic principals of the constitution - Assignment Example It therefore becomes pertinent to select the principle that best guarantees the effectiveness of the American democratic structure. This paper would also seek to establish the extent at which this principle has been used effectively to defend the core American values. Federalism is a system of government in which governmental powers are shared among the different tiers of  government in which each tier  is coordinate, independent, and exclusive in its own sphere of authority (O’Connor, & Sabato, 2001). Separation of powers is a doctrine propounded by Baron de Montesquieu which stipulates that in order to avoid arbitrary use of state power, power should be separated and shared among the organs of government such that no organ becomes stronger than the other(O’Connor, & Sabato, 2001). But over the years it has been discovered that this principles has not lived up to its expectation because America had presidents who were overwhelming and dominates the legislature. A vivid example is President George Bush, after the September 11 Al-Qaeda masterminded terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre, the president presented a bill to the congress to invade Iraq. Before the house could pass the bill he had sent troops to wage war in Iraq. This was contrary to the constitutional provisions which states that before the United States would engage in a war, it must be ratified by the congress in a joint session. The overwhelming influence of the president has this principle ineffective. In the light of this,  is the principle of checks and balances which states that an organ of government should act as a watchdog on the other organs of government so as to curb their excesses. In America, checks and balances has shown the relationship and interaction between the executive and other arms of government (O’Connor, & Sabato, 2001). As the executive rely on the legislature to pass a bill  he wants to become law, the legislature

Summarizing three parts of a book chapter on research methods Term Paper

Summarizing three parts of a book chapter on research methods - Term Paper Example Variations on these criteria do occur, often when it is not practical to meet them fully, and in these cases the research can be classified as quasi-experimental. The classic experiment is described. A control group and an experimental group are pretested, the experimental group is subjected to the independent variable, and the two groups are tested again, to see if there is now any difference in the two groups that can be attributed to the independent variable. In social work there are ethical and practical issues which may prevent a researcher from conducting a true classic experiment. Typical objections are listed and appropriate responses suggested. It is true that human beings should not be denied services because of a research project, or treated as objects to be experimented on, but on the other hand it is unethical to offer services without knowing what their effects are likely to be and who is most likely to benefit from them. By putting appropriate safeguards in place, and by using waiting lists for random assignment, it is possible to design research that is both ethical and experimental. Informed consent is, however, absolutely es sential, even if it has negative effects on the research in question. Research can interfere with the normal working of social services, but staff should be made aware of the aims and potential benefits of research and their views and suggestions should be sought early in the research process. The Solomon four-group research design is described, showing the advantage of using a pretest with two groups and no pretest with the other two. The intervention is then administered, to one group in each set, and all four groups are posttested. This method allows the researcher to see very accurately what effect has been caused by the intervention. Matching can improve the accuracy of quasi-experimental design, but it is not as good as true randomisation because it only matches

Andy Warhol - Ambulance Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Andy Warhol - Ambulance Disaster - Essay Example The essay "Andy Warhol - Ambulance Disaster" states the artwork of Andy Warhol called "Ambulance Disaster". Andrew Warhola, the birth name of Andy Warhol was born in Forest City, outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the family of Slovakia immigrants in August 6, 1928. After graduation from the Carnegie Institute of Technology where he studies pictorial design he moved to New York to work as a commercial artist for several magazines including Vogue, Harper's Bazaar and the New Yorker. He was also involved in advertising and arranging window displays for Bonwit Teller and I. Miller. That’s where he developed his unique sense of style. By 1959 Warhol was a successful advertising design professional. His numerous medals and rewards suggest of his professional career. He won several commendations from the Art Director's Club and the American Institute of Graphic Arts. Already in 1952 his first individual show at the Hugo Gallery, exhibiting Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote was launched. He had his first group show at the Museum of Modern Art in 1956. From the early start of professional career Andy Warhol produced images of male nudity in standard "artistic" poses as well as shocking sketches of masturbating men and depiction of same sex intercourse. His sketching and photographing male bodies supported his ability to maintain innovative and influential career. Still he attempted to gain recognition as a "fine" artist featuring â€Å"cupids, beautiful boys' faces.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Economics - Essay Example The first situation is the traditional ‘capitalist’ approach where the government adopts a totally ‘hands off’ policy allowing the resources to be used by privately owned enterprise, reducing protection to local industry and agriculture by lowering import tariffs and allowing free competition. The second approach (communist) is heavy governmental involvement in the economy where all resources are publicly owned and the government decides their allocation and use. However, it is usual to find a middle path adopted by most countries including the US. Governments cannot distinguish companies that will perform well and their reasons for entering a particular area of the economy frequently targets serving of social causes and political ends rather that those of economics. Examples are, the distribution of wealth, regulation of competition, supplying infrastructure etc. This leads to a diversion of resources to non-productive enterprises and away from private hands that could have utilized the resources more efficiently and effectively stops investment/ competition from abroad. Freeing of trade can result in competition for goods and services leading to efficient utilization of resources, improved standards of living, and economic growth. Despite this, it is necessary for governments to address certain areas that private enterprise would otherwise neglect or the benefits of economic growth would not percolate down to the economically backward sections of society. For example, the defense of the country is not an issue that private e nterprise can attend; another example is the provision of health care, if completely privatized good health-care would become out of reach for large sections of the economically weak. Either the ‘neo-classical’ rationale of market failure in the provision of public goods and need to lessen the effect of externalities etc. or the evolutionary

Registered Nurse Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Registered Nurse - Case Study Example protocols and therefore a bit uncertain and lacking in her communication with the patients, the doctors and Miss Cook. Cook has to help Miss Wolf to shed her complexes and make her an efficient member of the staff. Usually, there are two methods. One is the Chosen leadership style and the other is the Authoritative leadership style. In the former, the leader is a chosen one and therefore has to be pleasant mannered, ever ready to help, interested in staff welfare, and be able to win the goodwill of all concerned. She has to use persuasion than power, instill duty consciousness in the nurses and teach them to find happiness in doing their job well. The other method is the Authoritative leadership style. This is indicated when circumstances call for a new vision. Any unit requires a clear sense of direction in order to achieve progress. If this is the problem, the Authoritative style would be very usefull. Sometimes organizations drift without any sense of direction and on such occasions also the Authoritative style is more appropriate and relevant. This style has a special attitude. It seems to say, "Come on! Come with me! I am with you. We will shatter all problems and go ahead!" Though authoritative, the style allows the workers a lot of freedom to deploy their own methods, skills and diplomacy and even to take calculated risks up to a limit.

Education - learning Essay Example for Free

Education learning Essay Education is not only cognitive and intellectual learning, and learning of skills and work-related competences. It is much broader to include moral and ethical issues, values, attitudes, religion, spiritualism, art and more. It is, indeed, important to focus on this when education in schools and universities has become a large â€Å"industry† and when the world, instead of becoming more peaceful, seems to be more confrontational than before. The main reason behind this scenario, that I see, is that students are being taught and not trained and also the fact that teachers do not have any target for teaching instead they teach for the pay they get and sincerity with the profession is waning very fast. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM The educational system that I see should be one that suits all the citizens of the country. It should consider the cultural, ethical, moral, religious and economical norms of the society and should produce respectable and responsible citizens for the society as a whole and a dignified and confident person. |This point arises due to the fact that every country consists of multi-cultural and multi ethical societies with different religious and economic backgrounds. Thus the system should have contents that may not hurt the morals and values of any person and also produce effective results that can be calculated as per the prosperity of that particular society or country as a whole. PURPOSE OF EDUCATION The foundation of our work as educators is moral and ethical education. We must teach the right values and the right ways of analyzing issues. We must seek what is true and act accordingly. Part of that is to learn that we are all responsible for our own attitudes, decisions and actions. We must use education to foster equality between sexes, classes, people of different geographic areas, creeds, colors, cultures and religions. We must learn to understand the importance of solidarity among groups at home and across the borders in order to create peace, development and prosperity. Besides this we are also imparted with the responsibility of teaching science, commerce and arts subjects to the students using latest techniques, information and research to enable our students to prepare themselves to be a productive part of the society and compete with the world in the respective fields of their study. Major areas that a teacher may address are as follows: 1. To help students gain literacy: This is supposed to be the top most priority as if a student is literate he or she may mold in any society and get adapted to its culture and norms without losing its own. 2. To enable students to use and enjoy their learning experiences: Here a student gets in hand expertise to use what it learned during the schooling period to better their social and personal life in a given environment. 3. To teach students to believe and respect others, to contribute to the well-being of their community: A learned person better knows whom to respect and whom not too, who deserves to be valued and who does not, and gets bold enough to express its feelings in a dignified and respectful way in the society. He is able to distinguish between duties bestowed upon him by the community and tries to serve the community within available resources. 4. To give students the opportunity to learn how to inquire and discover new information: When a student learns through experimentation and reasoning he tries to use the same technique throughout his life and does not accepts all and sundry information without analyzing it. 5. To help students develop broader understandings of new information: This enables a student understand and characterize given information and then apply it in his daily life. 6. To help students develop the skills and values they will need to function in a free and just society: Last but not the least it makes sure that a student is made aware of the morals and values of religion and society and to act accordingly not hurting any ones feelings and making progress accordingly in the society individually and as a community as a whole. In the process of enabling the students to get all the above qualities they are supposed to be taught different subjects but should be encompassed under the umbrella of a just religion and that is Islam not because we live in the Islamic Republic Of Pakistan but due to the fact that Islam is the only religion that addresses to all the matters discussed with command and covers all the topics amicably, may it be the moral, cultural, and or ethical values or upbringing, or the contemporary studies of science, commerce and arts. Reference: 1. http://www. intime. uni. edu 2. www. nation. com. pk †º Columns.

Indonesian Ideology

Indonesian Ideology IDEOLOGY OF INDONESIA CHAPTER 1 Ideology of Indonesia I. Introduction Ideology An ideology is a set of aims and ideas that directs ones goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things, as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies, or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society or a received consciousness or product of socialization. The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society, and adherence to a set of ideals where conformity already exists, through a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems of abstract thought as opposed to mere ideation applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought. The term ideology was born in the highly controversial, philosophical and political debates and fights of the French Revolution and acquired several other meanings from the early days of the First French Empire to the present. The word ideology was coined by Destutt de Tracy in 1796 assembling the parts idea and -logy. He used it to refer to one aspect of his science of ideas. He separated three aspects, namely: ideology, general grammar and logic, considering respectively the subject, the means and the reason of this science. He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction. Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ideology is Hippolyte Taines work. He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic Method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror. After we know what is ideology? From the other side, we will know analysis of ideology from politics side and another side. Many point of ideology and we can analysis about ideology. Analysis of ideology Meta-ideology posits that ideology is a coherent system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis, but are subjective choices that serve as the seed around which further thought grows. According to this perspective, ideologies are neither right nor wrong, but only a relativistic intellectual strategy for categorizing the world. The pluses and minuses of ideology range from the vigor and fervor of true believers to ideological infallibility. Excessive need for certitude lurks at fundamentalist levels in politics, religions, and elsewhere. The works of George Walford and Harold Walsby, done under the heading of systematic ideology, are attempts to explore the relationships between ideology and social systems. David W. Minar describes six different ways in which the word ideology has been used: 1. As a collection of certain ideas with certain kinds of content, usually normative; 2. As the form or internal logical structure that ideas have within a set; 3. By the role in which ideas play in human-social interaction; 4. By the role that ideas play in the structure of an organization; 5. As meaning, whose purpose is persuasion; and 6. As the locus of social interaction, possibly. For Willard A. Mullins, an ideology is composed of four basic characteristics: 1. it must have power over cognition 2. it must be capable of guiding ones evaluations; 3. it must provide guidance towards action; 4. As stated above, must be logically coherent. Mullins emphasizes that an ideology should be contrasted with the related but different issues of utopia and historical myth. The German philosopher Christian Duncker called for a critical reflection of the ideology concept at 2006. In his work, he bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of epistemology and history. In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth. Though the word ideology is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: political, social, epistemological, ethical, and so on. Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction Ideologue: Karl Marx posits that a societys dominant ideology is integral to its superstructure. In the Marxist economic base and superstructure model of society, base denotes the relations of production, and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology (religious, legal, political systems). The economic base of production determines the political superstructure of a society. Ruling class interests determine the superstructure and the nature of the justifying ideology actions feasible because the ruling control classes the means of production. Hence the great importance of the ideology justifying a society. Chronologically, the dominant ideologies in Capitalism are: 1. classical liberalism 2. modern liberalism 3. social democracy 4. neo-liberalism Corresponding to these three capitalist stages of development: 1. extensive stage 2. intensive stage 3. contemporary capitalism (late capitalism) In the Marxist formulation of â€Å"ideology as an instrument of social reproduction† is conceptually important to the sociology of knowledge, viz. Karl Mannheim, Daniel Bell, and Jurgen Habermas. Moreover, Mannheim has developed, and progressed, from the total but special Marxist conception of ideology to a general and total ideological conception acknowledging that all ideology (including Marxism) resulted from social life, an idea developed by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. â€Å"Ideology has no history† while ideology has a history interleaved with the general class struggle of society. The general form of ideology is external of ideology, Ideas are material, explains his materialistic attitude, which he illustrated with the scandalous advice of Pascal toward unbelievers: kneel and pray, and then you will believe, thus highlighting that beliefs and ideas are a product of social practices, and not the reverse. However, this mustnt be misunderstood as simple behaviorism, as there may be, as Pierre Macherey put it, a subjectivity without subject; in other words, a form of non-personal liberty, as in Deleuzes conception of becoming-other. Feminism as critique of ideology Naturalizing socially constructed patterns of behavior has always been an important mechanism in the production and reproduction of ideologies. Feminist theorists have paid close attention to these mechanisms. Adrienne Rich e.g. has shown how to understand motherhood as a social institution. However, feminism is not a homogeneous whole, and some corners of feminist thought criticize the critique of social constructionist, by advocating that it disregards too much of human nature and natural tendencies. The debate, they say, is about the normative/naturalistic fallacy—the idea that just something being natural does not necessarily mean it ought to be the case. Political ideologies Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a Political Ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. Political ideologies have two dimensions: 1. Goals: How society should work (or be arranged). 2. Methods: The most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement. Political ideologies are concerned with many different aspects of a society, some of which are: the economy, education, health care, labor law, criminal law, the justice system, the provision of social security and social welfare, trade, the environment, minors, immigration, race, use of the military, patriotism and established religion. Epistemological ideologies There are critics who view science as an ideology in itself, or being an effective ideology, called Scientology. Some scientists respond that, while the scientific method is itself an ideology, as it is a collection of ideas, there is nothing particularly wrong or bad about it. Other critics point out that while science itself is not a misleading ideology, there are some fields of study within science that are misleading. Two examples discussed here are in the fields of ecology and economics. Deep ecology and modern ecology movement appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology. Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses in that science can often be tested. The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and seems to be part science, part ideology. Ideology and semiotic theory Ideology identifies a unitary object that incorporates complex sets of meanings with the social agents and processes that produced them. No other Term captures this object as well as ‘ideology. Foucaults ‘episteme is too narrow and abstract, not social enough. His ‘discourse, popular because it covers some of ‘ideologys terrain with less baggage, is too confined to verbal systems. ‘Worldview is too metaphysical, ‘propaganda too loaded. Despite or because of its contradictions, ‘ideology still plays a key role in semiotics oriented to social, political life. Authors such as Michael Freeden have also recently incorporated a semantic analysis to the study of ideologies. II. Pancasila We know Pancasila is our Ideology, from the research ideology Indonesia have many point of view. We can see ideology from Pancasila according Etymologist, according history, according Terminologies. Besides that we can see meaning about Pancasila from Soekarno, Muhammad Yamin, and Jakarta charter. Pancasila as an ideology as the state ideals or the ideals that became the basis for a theory or system of state for all peoples and nations of Indonesia, as well as a life goal Indonesian base on TAP. MPR XVIII/MPR/1998 of MPR Revocation of P4, emphasized that Pancasila is the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia which have carried out consistently in the life of nation and state. The word is derived from Pancasila Sansakerta (Buddhism) that is required to achieve Nirvana five Basic Doctrine, namely 1. Do not take a life of living things / Prohibited kill. 2. Do not take the goods of others / No stealing 3. Do not touch sex / Prohibited commit adultery 4. Do not say fake / forbidden to lie / lied. 5. Never mind that eliminates / prohibited liquor. Adapted by the Javanese to 5 M = Opium/ drunk, Thiet/ steal, chase after women./ Girl, Playing/ Gambling, Mateni / Kill. Pancasila words originally contained in the library of the Buddhist Tripitaka in the book where the teaching of the Buddhist is a moral teaching to reach nirvana / heaven through the contents of five Pancasila III.Historical On 01 June 1945 was Ir. Sukarnos speech without notes on the formulation of Pancasila as the Basic State. On August 17, 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence, then the next day August 18, 1945 declared including the 1945 opening statement in which there is in it as a Basic Principle 5 State of the Pancasila as name. Since then Indonesian Pancasila became common. So although the 4th paragraph of the Preamble the Constitution contained no term 45 Pancasila is basic but the State of RI is called the term of this Pancasila interpretation (translation) especially in the context of the historical formation of the State of formula. III. Understanding of Pancasila in Terminologies Proclamation of August 17, 1945 has given birth to the State of RI State Equipment complete PPKI tools a hearing on August 18, 1945 and successfully passed the Constitution in section four which consists of opening the 4th paragraph of Pancasila formulation contained therein. Formulation of Pancasila is a legitimate and constitutional right as the basis of the state of RI PPKI passed by the representative of the entire people of Indonesia. Pancasila shaped: 1. Hierarchical (tiered) 2. Pyramid A. Pancasila by Mr. Moh Yamin is presented in the trial BPUPKI on May 29, 1945 the following contents: 1. Nationality 2. Humanism 3. Divinity 4. Democracy 5. Social Prosperity B. Pancasila by Ir. Sukarno delivered on June 1, 1945 date at the trial BPUPKI, as follows: 1. Nationalistic Indonesia 2. Humanism 3. Democracy 4. Social Prosperity 5. culture President proposes to 5 Principles can be squeezed into Trisila namely: 1. Socio National: Nationalism and Internationalism; 2. Socio Democracy: Democracy with the welfare of the people; 3. God. And still according to Ir. Soekarno Trisila still be squeezed into the Ekasila or the point is Satusila Mutual Aid. C. Five Principles according to the Jakarta Charter adopted on June 22, 1945 the following formula: 1. Belief in the Islamic obligation to run a follower-followers; 2. Humanity is just and civilized; 3. Unity of Indonesia; 4. Democracy guided by the wisdom and deliberation amongst representatives; 5. Social justice for all people of Indonesia; Conclusion of the various terms of Pancasila is a legitimate and constitutional right of Pancasila which is listed in the Preamble UUD 45, it is strengthened by the MPRS decree and Presidential Instruction No. NO.XXI/MPRS/1966. 12 dated 13 April 1968 which confirms that the pronunciation, writing and formulation of the State of RI Pancasila legitimate and correct which is as stated in the Preamble Uud 1945. After that, we can know point of view about ideology of Indonesia or Pancasila from philosophy of pancasila, the original philosophy, base on Soekarno speech, base on Soeharto speech, After we knew philosophy of Indonesia is Pancasila. In fact the definition of philosophy in the philosophy of Pancasila has been modified and interpreted differently by some philosophers Indonesia. Pancasila discourse made since 1945. Pancasila philosophy is always updated in accordance with the demand of the ruling regime, so that Pancasila is different from time to time. Originality of Pancasila philosophy. Philosophy of Pancasila and developed by Sukarno from 1955 until the end of his rule in1965. At the time of Sukarno always stated that the original philosophy of Pancasila Indonesia is taken from the culture and traditions of cultural acculturation Indonesia and India (Hindu-Buddhist), Western (Christian), and Arabic (Islamic). According to Sukarnos Belief is a native of Indonesia, Justice Social inspired by the concept of Messiah. Sukarno was never mentioned or propagandizes Unity. Thats statement It is from Soeharto version pancasila Philosophy. Based on the above explanation is understanding the general philosophy of Pancasila is the result of thinking / thinking deeply of the Indonesian people who are considered, trusted and believed to be something the truest, most just, most wise, best and most suitable for the Indonesian nation. Between distinguished religious philosophy and non-religious, is belonging. These means that Pancasila philosophy in terms of wisdom and truth to know the absolute truth that comes from God Almighty (religious truth), and both acknowledge the limitations of human capabilities, including the capacity to think. If differentiated in terms of theoretical philosophy and philosophy in a practical sense, on categories in philosophy Pancasila practical sense. This means that the philosophy of Pancasila in the conduct of thinking deeply, not only aimed at seeking truth and wisdom, not just for fulfill desire to know from people who are not inexhaustible, but also and above all the tangible results of thinking Pancasila philosophy is used as a guideline daily life . That life can achieve physical and spiritual happiness, both in this world and the Hereafter. Next measure the philosophy of Pancasila truth and terraced following: 1. Truth senses(common knowledge) 2. Scientific truth(sciences) 3. Philosophical truth(philosophy) 4. Religious truth(religion) After us understanding about Ideology, now we move to division of ideology. Ideology have two big division, they are Open Ideology and closed Ideology. 1. Opened Ideology Characteristic of open ideology is that the values and ideals are not imposed from the outside, but dug up and taken from the wealth of spiritual, moral and cultural community itself. Essence of community consensus, not created by the state, but is found in their community. Therefore, an open ideology is the property of all citizens and communities can find themselves in it. Ideology is open not only justifiable but necessary. The basic value of the modern stated of life and basic attitudes. An ideology is a natural source and is rooted in the worldview and philosophy of life of the nation. Thus, the ideology will be developed in accordance with the development of the intelligence community and national life. This is a prerequisite for an ideology. Unlike the case with the imported ideology, which would be unnatural (artificial) and to some extent requires coercion by a small group of people (minorities) who imported ideology. Pancasila is rooted in the worldview and philosophy of the nation, so that it meets requirements as an open ideology. Despite an ideology that is open, doesnt mean that openness is in such a way as to destroy or negate the ideology itself, which is an illogical. An ideology as a summary of the basic ideas are integrated and round without contradiction or contradictory in its aspects. Transparency divers three factors of Ideology Pancasila a. In the fact, national development processes and community dynamics rapidly growing. b. In the fact show, that the Ideological bankruptcy of the closed and freezing tends to dim due to his own development. c. Our experiences political history in the past. d. Willing to strengthen awareness of the basic values of Pancasila which is internal. Pancasila ideology of openness in its application primarily intended to form a dynamic thinking and conceptual in the modern world. We know there are three levels of value, the basic values that do not change the instrumental value as a means of realizing the basic values that can change according to circumstances and the practical value of the actual implementation of the real. Pancasila values outlined in the norms the norms contained Pancasila and reflected in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. Value or the basic norms contained in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution should not be changed or modified. Because it is a choice and the resulting consensus that the basic rule is the fundamental basis of the state. Embodiment or implementation of instrumental values and practical values must still contain the soul and the spirit of the same basic value. 2. Closed Ideology Closed is the teaching of ideology or world view or philosophy that determines the purposes and norms of political and social, is ordained as a truth that should not be questioned again, but must be accepted as something already made and to be obeyed. Truth of a closed ideology should not be questioned based on the values or moral. Dogmatic and a priori content that cannot be changed or modified based on social experience. Because of this ideology that tolerates no worldview or other values. Characteristic â€Å"Ideology closed a closed ideology a few recognizable features† Ideology is not the ideals that have been living in the community, but of the ideals of an underlying group. Of a program to change and renew the community, Ideology is the enemy of tradition closed. If the group managed to seize political power, ideology will be imposed on society. Naturally, such a closed ideology to be imposed and applied by society adhered to certain elites, which means are run by authoritarian ways. Ideology is totalitarian normally closed, so concerns the whole of life. Which soon dominated the field completely and used for the spread of that ideology is a field that affects the attitudes of society, field of information to the mass and the other. Example ideology closed IPDN violence that occurred long before the case cliff Munthu Wahyu Hidayat who becomes victims of violence in IPDN. IPDN violence ingrained within the service was due some IPDN doctrine incorrectly interpret the service IPDN like touch the heart, if you cannot touch the solar plexus, if you cannot straighten break. Ideological characteristics of open and closed ideology are: Opened Ideology a. are the ideals that have been living in the community. b. Form the values and ideals that come from within the community itself. c. The results of consultation and consensus society. d. Is dynamic and reformist. Closed Ideology a. Is not goals that have been living in the community. b. Instead of values and ideals. c. Trust and rigid ideological loyalty. d. Consists of concrete and operational demands posed absolutely. According to Kaelan, the values contained in the ideology of Pancasila as an ideology is open are as follows: a) The basic value, that is the essence of the five precepts of Pancasila. b) The instrumental value, which is the direction, policy strategies, goals and implementation agency. c) Practical value, which is a realization of instrumental values in a realization that is the real practice, in everyday life in the community, nation and state. CHAPTER 2 Background of Ideology Indonesia/Pancasila I. Background of Pancasila BPUPKI 2 times the court held. At the First Session of the proposal appears to concept ideology, including: a) Mr. Muh. Yamin (May 29, 1945) In his speech on May 29, 1945 Muh. Yamin basic formula proposed candidate countries as follows: I. Nationality II. Humanitarian III. Elves Godhead IV. Populist (deliberative, wisdom) V. Welfare (social justice). In addition to the end of his speech, Muh. Yamin submit manuscripts as an attachment is a draft proposal contains a statement while the Constitution RI . b) Prof. Dr. Supomo (May 31, 1945) In his speech Prof. Dr. Supomo put tepid-state theory as follows: 1. The theory of individual countries (individualistic) 2. Understand the state class (class theory) 3. Understand intergalactic country. Further, in relation to the basic philosophy of the Indonesian state proposed Soepomo things about: unity, family, inner and outer balance, consultation, justice of the people. c) Ir. Sukarno (June 1, 1945) in this case Ir. Sukarno delivered state basis of five principles that basically namely: 1. Nationalism (nationality Indonesia) 2. Internationalism (humanity) 3. Social Prosperity 4. Belief in one God. He also suggested that Pancasila is the philosophical basis of the state and outlook of the nation of Indonesia. Session Meeting BPUPKI (first) that gave birth to the Jakarta Charter that declared on June 22, 1945 and signed by a small committee consisting BPUPKI formation of 9 people and is popular with the committee of nine whose members are as follows: 1.Ir.Soekarno 2.WahidHasyim 3.Mr.Muh.Yamin 4.Mr.Maramis 5.Drs.Moh.Hatta 6.Mr.Soebarjo 7.KyaiAbdulKaharMuzakir 8.AbikoesmoTjokrosujono 9.HajiAgusSalim II. Apply Ideology to our life As we know Pancasila Indonesia has opened and closed ideology. And we have been analyzing that ideology of Indonesia. So after we know about ideology, we must implement to our life. We have been already known in our country has five principles, and there are first principles until fifth principles: 1. Believe in one and only God/ the one lordship 2. Just and civilized humanity 3. The unity of Indonesia 4. Democracy which is guided by inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberation. 5. Social justice for the whole people of Indonesia In our life, automatically we can apply one or two principles. But its not enough for implement well ideology, because a lot of people just apply one or two principles, its not enough. As we know, in this era a lot of influenced from another country. Where the other country may be bring bad influenced or bad culture for Indonesian. But some bring a good influenced (we can see in another explain). We already know what the best for our life, and for Indonesian we must apply the first principles until fifth principles. Much method to apply that to our life, we can starts from the easy thing. But maybe somebody think is not important. If we want to know, if we apply that principle, we can see how to help people, respect the other people and so on. Its example some applying Pancasila in our life. The first principle: believe in one and only God/the one lordship a. Respect the other religions. b. Always pray. c. Do the good things. d. May not kill. The second principle: Justice civilized and humanity a. Dont kill people. b. Must be fair with the other people. c. Help or do social activities. d. Help each other. The third principle: The unity of Indonesia a. Filter bad influence form the other country. b. Build Indonesia together to be a good country. c. Never have bad feeling such us arrogance, joules, and etc. d. Protect Indonesia together. The fourth principles: Democracy which is guided by inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations. a. Sit together to get agreement. b. Solve problem together. c. We must hear opinion from the other side. d. Take the best opinion for get the best. The fifth principle: social justice for the whole people of Indonesia a. All citizens in Indonesia have right for gets job and life with expediently b. Every citizen compulsorily gets educations. c. Every citizen deserve to gets healthcare. All principles, from first principles until fifth principles are connected and cannot separated. Because pancasila without first principles or the other principles incomplete. We should practice all principles. CHAPTER 3 How important is Pancasila for Indonesia Pancasila in Indonesia is very important, because Ideology Indonesia or Pancasila can awaken our spirit to build Indonesia to be better country than another country, provide guidance about the world and its content and build spirit to struggle to move against the occupation. Pancasila is the most important in Indonesia because Pancasila is Ideology for Indonesia, where that ideology has function for filter influence from Indonesia. Many people who study or work in neighbor country. When they back to Indonesia, they take along until they back to Indonesia. Because they has a long time to stayed in neighbors country, because that they familiar with western style. That influence had some impacts for Indonesia. The impact for Indonesia such us, Indonesian used a sexy clothes, used harsh words, more popular modern dance than traditional dance, and so on. Many culture in Indonesia where must we protect and we continue because a lot culture in Indonesia taken by another country. So, we must protect our culture. Impact for our relationship with the other country is the other country see our country is not good country because much Indonesian used a bad attitude. Maybe relationship between Indonesia with the other country is not good and so on. So, we must used a good attitude and filter influence from the other country, because influence from the other country is not good for Indonesian where Indonesia have religion and have principles for build good country. CHAPTER 4 How to filter influence from another country Like we know, some influence from the other county is bad but, some influence from the other country good for development in our country. Why we must filter influence from the other country? Almost people in Indonesia used bad attitude, where that attitude from the other country. As we know those influences have a right side and the wrong side. We can use the right side but for the wrong side we must remove from Indonesia. We can use Ideology of Indonesia or Pancasila. Many ways can we use to remove that influence from Indonesia. For the example we can use pancasila. We can see, what is having same meaning with the first principles or not. If not we can remove from our country, but if yes we can save for our country. Many point of view to look which one the right or wrong attitude. Example for the wrong side are used a harsh word, used sexy style from western, almost people more often eat junk food and so on. Example for the right side are Indonesia have a new style or mode, now world growth, and so on. The impact if Indonesia not filter the influence from the other country is Indonesian and the youth will have a bad attitude and may be no one can comply with rules in Indonesia. So, we should filter influence from the other country. CONCLUSION Now we know point of view from politic side, background of pancasila, the historical, how to filter influence from the other country, example from wrong side and the right side, and what impact if Indonesia not filter the influence from another country, why we must filter influence from the other country. We must protect our country from the other influence, where the influence is bad and we must protect our culture, because many our neighbor country want take our culture from Indonesia. So, we must keep and take care our country together. REFERENCES Background Historis PANCASILA www.wikipedia.com MY ZONE from book pendidikan kewarganegaraan II untuk SMK