Formal Analysis of Gao Jianfu (1879-1951)s Buddhist Pagodas in Burma Essay

Formal Analysis of Gao Jianfu (1879-1951)s Buddhist Pagodas in Burma - Essay Example In 1939, Gao Jianfu was one of the Chinese specialists who established the Awakening Art Academy. The principle motivations behind the institute were to create gifted craftsmen who could record the atrocities in type of works of art, and to have craftsmanship displays in the southern urban communities of Macao and Hong Kong (Hung 148). During his time, Jianfu initiated foundation of national workmanship institutes, yet additionally delivered notable artistic creations of demolished urban areas and structures. Succeeding areas of this paper contains formal investigation of two artistic creations on the subject of remnants and obliteration by Jianfu. In one composition on page 151 of the part The Birth of Ruins, Jianfu utilizes ink and shading on paper to portray a Chinese city in ruins. On page 153 of a similar part, there is a painting by Jianfu portraying the copying of the Afong Palace. Concerning the canvas of a city in ruins, Jianfu work shows the engineering survives from two adjoining structures, grouped garbage on the ground, and white and orange smokes taking off up to the skies. The city in ruins painting contains slanting lines. Edges of the annihilated dividers are slantingly lined up concerning the ground. Also, garbage and smoke streams are inclined as for the ground’s even and vertical planes (Hung 151). Thus, the canvas of Afong Palace delineates residue, remains and smoke ascending in an inclined way. In the two compositions, Jianfu utilized the utilization of slanting lines to pass on a sentiment of unsteadiness. Slantingly spoke to structures implies they are either temperamental, or are wobbling from t he impact of flimsiness (Whitney 58). By utilizing slanting lines, Jianfu needed to compactly speak to the pulverizing impacts of Japanese attack in the city painting, and the adverse condition of the Afong Palace in the subsequent canvas. Concerning the conventional examination ideas of shape and structure, Jianfu portrayed the two works of art in three measurements. By survey the city ruins and the Afong Palace painting, one

Enron scandal Essay

Enron stunned the world from being â€Å"America’s most inventive company† to America’s greatest corporate chapter 11 at now is the ideal time. At its pinnacle, Enron was America’s seventh biggest corporation.From the 1990’s until the fall of 2001, Enron was well known all through the business world and was known as a trend-setter, innovation powerhouse, and an organization with no dread. The unexpected fall of Enron toward the finish of 2001 broke the business world as well as the lives of their representatives. Enron gave the dream that it was a consistent organization with great income however that was not the situation, a huge piece of Enron’s benefits were made of paper. Their colossal obligations and data about concealing misfortunes gave a major issue to the organization and in the late 2001 Enron opted for non-payment under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Kenneth Lay (Founder and CEO), Jeffrey Skilling (CEO) and Andy Fastow (CFO) found that Enron wasn’t bringing in cash so what they did is actualized alongside the endorsement of Arthur Andersen the â€Å"future esteem accounting.† This sort of bookkeeping was to anticipate the future benefit that Enron was going to make and show it as a component of there future benefit to the investors. This inventive bookkeeping lead to Fastow to make â€Å"outside companies† that were legitimately engaged with Enron to conceal the misfortunes the organizations made. These organizations were named after Star Wars characters. As Enron reported large numbers to Wall Street, individuals started to pay heed to this organization and began to purchase portions of the organization. Enron even urged their representatives to purchase portions of Enron and the cost of Enron was going up to as high as $90. Enron officials were menaces to the venture organizations. At the point when a budgetary counsel scrutinized their organizations with respect to Enron stock, Enron would pay the firm to dispose of the worker. As Enron got greater, the organization was gathering more misfortunes and concealing them well. Enron hit the top when their stock hit $90 and afterward things were beginning to self-destruct. An essayist at Forbes magazine called Enron revealing to them that she was going to discharge an article about Enron and not discharging their fiscal summaries. Enron officials traveled to New York advising her not to discharge the article yet the following week, Forbes discharged the article addressing Enron’s money related.

What Documents to Send to Investors

What Documents to Send to Investors It takes quite a bit to establish and to nurture professional investor relationships. Business owners should support their claims of business success with appropriate documentation.But what sorts of documents are investors expecting to receive from entrepreneurs? Should you simply send every single file your business has generated? © Shutterstock.com | GaudiLabThe following guide will examine the answers in detail and discuss the appropriate documents in three different stages of the entrepreneur-investor-relationship.WHEN TO SEND DOCUMENTS TO AN INVESTOR?Before we examine the documents circumstantially, it’s useful to consider the appropriate times for sending them in the first place. There are essentially three different stages in investor relations and all three require different documentation.First stage â€" the introduction of the business to the investorSecond stage â€" pitching the business to the investor and closing the dealThird stage â€" fostering investor relations with the investorThe approach you take on discussing matters with the investor will change as your relationship evolves through the stages. The obligation to share certain information also shifts and you don’t want to be caught providing inappropriate information to your investors. At the same time, you should avoid the mistake of pr oviding the investor with detailed paperwork too early.We’ll scrutinize the documents in all stages in detail below, but lets peer into the importance of the documents in each stage.In the first stage, your documents are aimed at introducing the business to the investor. Therefore, they should be able to gain attention and often to do so in an instant. Investors receive a number of investment pitches and documents, but they don’t have time to read all of them. This puts pressure on the initial documents and information you send. The prerequisite is to be informative enough to ensure the investor understands what your business is about, but short enough to ensure the investor reads it through. On top of it, you need to make it eye-catching and unique! If the documents fail to spark the imagination of the investor, you undoubtedly won’t need to worry about the documents in the next stages.In the second stage, you have already established a connection with the investor. The perso n is interested to find out more and you should ensure the documents provide enough supporting information to the investor. This is the moment for finalizing the deal, to presenting your business in a truthful and appealing fashion.Finally in the third stage, the investor is now on board and both of you are focused on growing the business. You’ll be providing further information on company performance and supporting documents on business development. Essentially, since your investor is now part of the business, you’ll provide copies of the documents you inspect as the founder/owner.The above is a broad sweep of the reason for sending the documents. Let’s now turn attention to understanding the specific documents in a greater degree.FIRST STAGE: INTRODUCTION TO YOUR BUSINESSIntroducing your business to potential investors is one of the most daunting tasks you must do. But if you prepare well and learn the secrets of the pitch, you don’t need to worry about failing. Not all th e investors you pitch to will be interested in your business, but this isn’t always down to you failing the pitch.When you are creating the first connection with investors, it’s crucial to keep it simple, informative and captivating. The key documentation you want to send to the investor includes:The elevator pitchThe business planSending an elevator pitchFirst, you must generate the first connection. Whilst it’s always a healthy idea to meet potential investors face-to-face, you’ll likely contact them via e-mail at the start. Instead of typing whatever comes to mind to your e-mail, you should always try to approach the e-mail through the idea of the elevator pitch.An elevator pitch is your chance to present the business and the opportunities it has for the investor in a short amount of time. The name quite simply supposes you only have enough time for the elevator to move from one floor to the other, i.e. a limited time to gain attention. If you can’t spark the interest a nd imagination of the investor in a few seconds, you probably won’t manage to do it in an hour either.What components are required for a proficient elevator pitch? Your pitch should always focus on the following components, which are neatly discussed in an appropriate order.A short and simple message. As mentioned, your elevator pitch e-mail shouldn’t last forever and take too much time to read. You don’t have to share everything about the business â€" just enough to spark the investor’s attention. On the other hand, you also don’t want it to skip essential details about the business.Once you’ve written your pitch, check if it answers these questions:What is the product or service your business is selling?Who is your customer?How does your product/service help this customer?What is the problem your product/service solves?Mention your business traction. The pitch should mention the traction, as this is a powerful way to attract positive attention. This can be in terms of sales or even social media interest.Previous business accomplishments. If you’ve history in business, don’t be afraid to mention it. Did you help a start-up to succeed? By naming your previous accomplishment, you might generate further interest. Just don’t list secondary things you’ve done â€" there’s time for this later.Possible investments the business has attracted. If you already have a major investor on board, you might want to name them during your pitch. Don’t endeavor into details or talk about numbers; simply mention the investor. Remember you shouldn’t name investors unless they are committed.Explain your reasons for approaching the investor. Finding the right investor for your business is important, as not all investors are suitable matches for the business. There should be a reason you feel the investor could, not only benefit from your business, but also add expertise for the company. Hint: the investor’s bank account isn’t a valid reason!Call to actio n. The e-mail should always include a call to action. This could be a suggestion of a face-to-face meeting, a Skype call or a request for the investor to browse through your website.Contact information. An obvious advice, but nonetheless a crucial point to make. Your contact information should be clearly present in all the documents and e-mails you send.Furthermore, read your pitch before you hit the send button. Use the above as a checklist and ensure you use proper grammar throughout. If your investor finds your e-mail filled with typos and lazy grammar, he or she is unlikely to trust your ability to run a successful business.For more on elevator pitches, check the below YouTube video: Sending a business planAs well as focusing your efforts on the elevator pitch, you should provide the investor with a business plan. When we say business plan, we don’t propose you should send the full hundred pages document you should have devised for your team to understand objectives.Investors are a busy bunch and as we previously stated, they don’t have the luxury to read everything that is sent on their way. If you send them a full-blown business plan, you have nearly zero chances of getting it read. Nonetheless, since the above elevator pitch doesn’t provide the luxury of noticing all details, a business plan should be included as an attached document.Including the business plan, or the so-called deck, to your introduction e-mail is vital. One of the best examples of an adept deck comes from venture capitalist David Gowan. His ‘How to Not Write a Business Plan’ blog post is worth a read for entrepreneurs searching for investment.The document you sent, either as a Power Point presentation or a Word-file, should include:Contact information. Any business-related documents you provide the investor should always include contact information.A mission statement. What is your business set to achieve? A proper mission statement is short, but outlines business objectives clearly. Your goal should also be something realistic and tangible. For example, a mission statement calling for world domination doesn’t outline a clear or achievable goal.Introduction to the team. While the elevator pitch won’t have much space to introduce the team behind the company, your business plan should detail the core team and each person’s background.Addressing the problem, your business is aiming to solve. You’ve mentioned the problem your product/service tries to solve and the business plan should outline the problem in detail. Why does it matter and how can you solve it?Introduction to the product and its benefits. You also need to discuss the product/service in detail and outline the benefits of using it. Explain the technology and methodology behind the product/service and mention any patents you might have.Customer or distribution figures. If you’re already in business, highlight the sales figures or distribution figures.Explain the sales strategy. Showca se how the business plans to attract customers and what will it cost.Mention market estimations and introduce the competitive landscape. You should also provide a substantial understanding of the market for the product/service, together with the competitive landscape.Briefly talk about finances. You shouldn’t delve into too much detail over finances at the first stage, but some financial documents and figures should be briefly mentioned. The earnings statement, both historical and forecast, is the key finance document to discuss.Provide a short roadmap of the future. You should also explore the future and explain your future milestones to the investor.Here are some great examples of pitch decks that helped well-known companies raise billions of dollars including Airbnb, Linkedin, and Square.[slideshare id=45768374doc=airbnbfirstpitchdeck-150312141444-conversion-gate01w=640h=330][slideshare id=38357485doc=barcoobusinessplan01072008-140826023141-phpapp01w=640h=330][slideshare id=206 84215doc=buffer-seed-round-deck-130506180753-phpapp01w=640h=330][slideshare id=37911918doc=buzzfeedinvestordeck2008-140812084757-phpapp01w=640h=330][slideshare id=10620782doc=foursquare-1st-pitch-2009-111216233113-phpapp02w=640h=330][slideshare id=27367069doc=linkedindeck-131019171822-phpapp02w=640h=330][slideshare id=13971387doc=square-pitch-deck-120814140226-phpapp02w=640h=330]SECOND STAGE: CLOSING THE DEALIf the first stage documents are able to impact the investor positively, you’ll begin discussing the investor’s involvement in more detail. As the relationship develops, the documents become circumstantial. This doesn’t propose you should simply provide every file to the investor in order to close the deal. Certain information, such as specific financial figures, are sensitive and you don’t want to provide this material necessarily through e-mail or post.The information and documents investors are likely requesting at this stage includes:The full business plan. Once the relationship is established and the investor shows clear interest towards the business, provide him or her a copy of the full business plan. This should provide in-depth information about the way your business is organized and details about the future strategy.Financial statements. Specific financial documents investors are expecting to examine at this stage include:Income statementBalance sheetStatement of stockholders’ equityCapital requirementsAs mentioned above, carefully consider sending this information to your investor, as it might be safer to provide a copy of the documents during a meeting instead.Resumes and references of the team. Introduce the team comprehensively and provide everyone’s resume to the investor. This can help highlight the expertise behind the business idea, as well as help the investor notice any previous connections and accomplishments.Detailed product/service information. You should also send a comprehensive document about the product and service. T his includes technical and methodological details of how the product/service operates. You want the investor to understand the product/service as well as possible.The business plan, together with his resumes and references should be provided at the start of the negotiations. While the documents in the first stage are about generating interest, the second stage documents should explain the business idea thoroughly and provide the investor with reassurance that an investment deal is the right decision.As the discussions evolve, you need to provide further information, such as the financial documents, in order to close the deal. Some of the mentioned documents are required in case you finalize an investment deal.THIRD STAGE: PROVIDING REGULAR UPDATES ABOUT YOUR PERFORMANCEOnce you’ve managed to sign an investment deal with the investor, the need to send documents doesn’t simply end. In fact, as the investor becomes part of your business, you must share regular performance updates w ith them. This is an essential part of nurturing investor relations and can help the business grow, as information is shared appropriately with all shareholders. If your investor is aware of the business’ development strategy and financial information, they are better equipped to enhance these aspects of the business.The term sheet you signed with the investor will feature a list of documents you agree to provide and the means of providing these. The sheet typically follows a set of milestones, you’ve agreed to move towards and these milestones clarify the required documentation.The regular updates generally include documentation such as:Financial documents. The business must provide information on finances, as well as future forecasts. These documents include:Financial statementsFinancial calculations â€" these include documents to show cost prediction for rolling out a new product, for example.Sales and revenue sheets â€" the documents should inspect at monthly, quarterly and annual data and compare current figures with past estimations.Information regarding product/service development. The importance of regular development updates increases if the development process is still at the starting blocks. These documents can be vital to allow the investor to understand the financial documents, for example. If your business is struggling to achieve its sales figures, the investor can know this is due to problems in product development, or something similar.Information regarding your team. Teams behind the business can be quite fluid, with new members coming in and old ones leaving for different reasons. You should keep the investor involved over these developments as well, since they can also explain certain operational aspects in detail.Provide customer feedback. Finally, you want the investor to read on customer feedback. It’s essential to be upfront about any negative feedback, as your investor will be better equipped to help the business solve the proble m. Sharing the negative feedback could even help your investor to understand the business needs additional cash for product development. On the other hand, you don’t just want to share the negatives. When your customers are congratulating you over an issue, let the investor know about it. You want them to feel proud of the business successes.Your investor is likely a board member as well and translating into your business being legally required to send certain documents to them. These include financial statements, as well as board’s minutes of the meeting and other such information.CONCLUSIONProviding enough information for your investor is vital for not just attracting the investment, but also fostering close investor relations. It is important to send enough information at the start to spark interest, without revealing all of your business secrets. Once you’ve signed a deal, you want to ensure the investor receives transparent and in-depth information. This will ensure the i nvestor has the tools at his or her disposal to help your business to succeed.The above list, with its segments, will hopefully provide you a vigorous starting point to nurturing investor relations through documents. To stay on top of these documents, you should create a checklist of documents and set alarms for when you need to provide these documents to the investor. This can help you stay on top of the relevant paperwork and ensure your investor relations are built on trust and transparency.

Outsider Perspective On Christianity Overview - 1025 Words

Outsider Perspective on Christianity Kaniesha Fleming Intro to Religion Instructor: Douglas Axtell As a project we were told to study a religion from an outsider’s perspective. We, as students, would attend that specific religion’s place of worship to observe their rituals and routines. Then after service we would conduct an interview with the participants to answer our personal questions such as â€Å"Why do they do the things they do?† or â€Å"How often do they do this?† I chose to study Christianity even though I am a Christian. I thought it would be interesting to see if most Christian churches practice Christianity the same way. However, prior to attending services I researched the history of Christianity. Firstly, Jesus was Jewish and he would teach in different synagogues throughout the villages he travelled to. While in those villages Jesus would also heal those who were suffering. In his teachings he touched the hearts of the people and this created instability which frightened Jewish religious authorities. A group of men who Jesus touched sta rted to follow and became his disciples. Jesus taught them about the will of God; as well as about a â€Å"new covenant† that God will bring to humanity through Himself, Jesus Christ. Then, Jesus helped the disciples to see mankind is destined to have pain and feel the â€Å"futility of life† due to sin. I came to realization that this answered our group question of why is there evil in the world. But to continue, mankind had â€Å"lostShow MoreRelatedHow Does The Christian World Look For The Outsider? David Kinnaman1627 Words   |  7 PagesHow does the Christian world look to the outsider? David Kinnaman along with the Barna group attempt to answer this question in UnChristian. Oddly enough the five most common adjectives used by people literalistic, anti-intellectual, self-righteous, judgmental, and bigoted. 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The Human Brain Gains And Loses Information Through...

How Does Neuroplasticity Occur in the Hippocampus? Joe Hamlin March 21, 2016 Abstract The human brain gains and loses information through neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain due to different stimuli acting upon those parts. Neuroplasticity is defined as the ability to rearrange the function to stimulation from external or internal sources. Adaptive and maladaptive neuroplasticity occur mainly in the hippocampus and its structural changes are due to stress, aging, and metabolism. Electroconvulsive therapy, overexpression of mineralocorticoids, and metabolism effects are results of adaptive neuroplasticity; aging and stress show forms of maladaptive neuroplasticity in the hippocampus. In conclusion, stress, aging, and metabolism show that neuroplasticity does occur in the hippocampus. Further areas of study could focus on how alcohol affects the hippocampus’s ability to form new memories or its effects on neuroplasticity Introduction The human brain learns and forgets information through neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and other parts of the brain due to different stimuli acting upon those parts. Neuroplasticity takes place in various levels known as the cellular, population, network and behavioral levels (Bartsch and Wulff 2015). Neuroplasticity is defined as the brain’s ability to rearrange its structure or its function due to stimulation from external or internal sources (Bartsch and Wulff 2015). Neuroplasticity can be beneficial, orShow MoreRelatedThe Brain As A Static Organ After People Entered Adulthood1282 Words   |  6 Pagesresearchers have found evidence that the brain became a static organ after people entered adulthood. However, Norman Doidge, a Canadian born psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, believed otherwise. 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Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication Free Essays

Communicating with patients The New Medicine Service (and MURs) provides a formal opportunity for pharmacists to communicate with patients on a one-to-one basis about their medicines and underlying medical condition(s). The NMS permits the interventions to be done either as a face-to-face appointment or via telephone. Careful consideration must be given as to which of these communication methods is adopted by the pharmacy as each method brings its own advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although face-to-face communication would be the preferred method of conducting an intervention, it is likely that elephone interventions will be used by most pharmacies at some stage. This brief guide will help you and your staff communicate more effectively when using the telephone as part of the NMS. The words we use make up less than 10% of the way we communicate in a face-toface situation, with the way we say these words (paralinguistics) and body language making up the remaining percentage. When you are dealing with someone over the telephone you cannot see them, which deprives you of most of the information you would normally have about the other person (body language, eye contact etc). Related article: Disadvantages of Aquatic Plants You can base your judgements only on the words you can hear and the way they are being said, which can sometimes present challenges. Advantages and disadvantages Some of the advantages and disadvantages of telephone communication are: Telephone communication Advantages of communicating by telephone: †¢ ofteneasiertoreachsomeonebyphone than by trying to arrange to see them in person; more convenient for patients †¢ morelikelytosucceedincontacting someone – especially if a time / date has been agreed (few people are able to ignore the telephone and leave it ringing) telephoneconversationsare,onaverage, shorter than face-to-face conversations as it’s easier to control the conversation and take the initiative. Disadvantages of communicating by telephone: †¢ it’smoredifficulttoestablisharapporton the telephone, as you don’t have all the visual signals that help you to get on the â€Å"same wavelength† as the other person †¢ whenphonin gsomeoneit’spossibleto intrude at an inconvenient time and not realise it †¢ it’seasytoassumethatyouhavetheother person’s undivided attention †¢ youaremorelikelytogetdistractedand let your attention wander itismoredifficulttoavoid misunderstandings – you cannot use visual behaviour to get feedback on whether your message has been understood or if there are things left unsaid †¢ somethingsareimpossibletocheckover the telephone such as inhaler techniques †¢ youaremorelikelytobelieveyoucando other things at the same time as using the telephone – DON’T! Voice matching Thefirstthreesecondsofaphonecall are important, as this is when the other person makes a judgement about the caller. When making an outgoing call listen to the pitch, speed, volume and tone of the other erson’svoicewhentheyfirstspeakandtry to â€Å"match† it. Matching is a good way of building rapport, which can otherwise be difficultoverthetelepho ne,andmakesthe other person feel more comfortable. Tips for effective telephone interventions Opening the conversation NMS intervention Introduce yourself clearly and ask to speak to the patient using their preferred title / name. Check it’s still convenient to speak to the patient. If the patient is concerned about disclosing sensitive personal information over the telephone and cannot besatisfiedthatthecallerisringingfrom he pharmacy he / she may contact the pharmacy directly instead. Explain in a clear, simple manner the purpose of the call – check the patient understands the nature of the NMS and the reasons for the discussion. Youshouldalsoconfirmconsentatthis stage. Inform the patient you will be asking a series of questions about their new medicines and that you will be making notes as you go along. Listen to the patient’s responses as you work though the questions – resist the temptation to interrupt. Demonstrate you are listening by making noises such as â€Å"um†, â€Å"yes†, and â€Å"really†. Use assertive behaviour to stay in control of the call – use open / closed questions as appropriate (open questions invite detailed answers whereas closed questions invite single word answers). Body language Body language, even though it can’t be seen, can affect our voice when on the telephone. Therefore, think about your posture whilst on the phone. If you are comfortable and relaxed your voice is likely to reflect this. Remember to smile – even though it can’t be seen it will be â€Å"heard† and you will sound friendly and assertive. If you are standing up whilst n the telephone this can also make you sound more assertive, and it is another way of ending a telephone call if you stand up during a conversation. Using a closed question for example is often helpful in stopping an enthusiastic patient digressing from appropriate lines of questioning. Do not rush through the call. Talk at the patient’s pace and pause after providing advice or of fering solutions to a problem to allow the patient to air their views about this. Finally agree the time / date for any followup intervention. Remember to give the call your undivided attention! How to cite Advantage and Disadvantage of Telecommunication, Essay examples

Final Appeal Of Hong Kong In The Landmark Case †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Final Appeal Of Hong Kong In The Landmark Case. Answer: Introduction: The intention of the report is to evaluate the decision given by the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong in the landmark case W v. The Registrar of Marriages. In this regard, the research intended to make reference to various journals and scholarly articles in order to evaluate the decision of the present case study. The research highlighted various arguments made by different authors regarding the rights of transgender. The research is commissioned to examine the how the relevant sources and the views of different authors would be beneficial in understanding the constitutional validity of the decision given in W v. The Registrar of Marriages. Discussion: The Authors intended to highlight the importance of gender identity in modern era. In this regard, the Author rightly stated that there is a major distinction between sexual identity and gender identity. However, the author has not intended to distinguish between the two concepts rather she focused on the underlying issues faced by the LGBTQ community. According to the perspective of the Author, a person possessing thoughts of same-sex is considered as a gay or lesbian however, persons who are unable to identify their gender assigned to them during birth are identified as transgender. In the opinion of the Author, being a transgender is the most challenging experience and therefore children being identified at an early age are being bullied at educational institutions. By analyzing the source it can be stated that various library resources shall provide appropriate knowledge and understanding with the help of which transgender can identify themselves which can eliminate their feeling of loneliness and despair. Therefore, it is important on the part of librarians to provide these children with appropriate solution and literature in order to improve their condition. The article discussed about the identification of transgender and the issues faced by them in the society and thereby provided appropriate literatures to deal with such issues. In this regard, the article proved to be convenient for conducting the research. The Authors emphasized of the legalization of same-sex marriage. In this regard, the Authors have made reference to the contemporary scenario in Hong Kong regarding the legalization of same sex marriage which is a topic of global controversy. In the perspectives of the Authors, in spite of various newly introduced laws and regulations in Hong Kong, no legal recognition has been given till date towards the identification of transgender and the union of same-sex couples. Since time immemorial, much emphasis has been laid on the importance of same-sex marriage which is a major concern for human rights associations. After proper evaluation, it is noteworthy to mention here that the article efficiently determined the present condition of Hong Kong and its approach towards the legalization of same-sex marriage. The purpose of the article was to evaluate the principles of human rights which can be rightly applied to the controversy of same-sex marriage. However, the counter-arguments that h ave been presented by other scholars for the purpose of objecting same-sex marriage has been taken into account by applying different perspectives of human rights. In this regard, it is worth noting that the article was proved to be beneficial as it provided valuable information regarding the topic of research. The article was appropriate as it contained relevant information about the present subject of research. The Author intended to highlight the facts regarding the recognition of gender legislation for transgender communities in Hong Kong. However, that the nature of such legislation is both extensive and far reaching. The Author examined that both surgical and hormonal treatments are not medically required by the transgender community. However, they undergo various medical treatments in order to become an integral part of the society. In the opinion of the Author, the transgender are less concerned about their anatomy, they opt for medical surgeries because they want to see themselves as recognized citizens of the society. After proper and detailed examination of the article it can be observed that the Author has emphasized on the significance of gender recognition in the society and in the lives of transgender community. The article has effectively evaluated the prevailing health conditions of the transgender community. In this regard, the article analyzed various arguments and counter arguments regarding human rights against the refusal of legalization of gender recognition. It can be finally stated that the chosen article proved to be advantageous in serving the purpose of the research as the article contained various theoretical perspectives about the recognition of transgender communities and their rights. However, the article has not paid special attention to the need of sterilization. The Authors explained the importance of gender determination in a contemporary society. Therefore, the article has rightly placed the concept of gender determination under different gender categories. The Authors intended to draw three case studies in order to indicate the factors which recognized as individual as a man and as a woman. However, the Authors have focused on the conduction of public debates in order to emphasize on the employment rights of transgender and introduce policies for determining the acceptability of the transgender in the world of competitive sports. The Authors made reference to the three case studies and thereby proposed measures for the elimination of the genital surgery requirement for the purpose of changing the sex marker option on the birth certificates. The Authors intended to determine gender discrimination and difference across social spaces. Therefore, the Authors examined that in reality gender-integrated spaces utilizes identity-based criteria ho wever, gender-segregated spaces utilized the biology-based criteria. After evaluation of the article it can be emphasized that the Authors tried to explain the distinction between transgender policy issues and broad gender issues. Various terms like moral panic and sexual panic enumerated while conducting the research. As the article deals with the determination of transgender, their panic and their contribution in the society therefore it served as a relevant source for the research assignment. The Author presented the view of the society towards the transgender communities. The Author emphasized that in modern environment, transgender communities face various uncertainties. In spite of several efforts on the part of the Government to introduce gender identity policies, they were not whole heartedly accepted by the society. The policies in some cases achieved success however they failed in some areas. According to the Author the policies of gender identity involved public opinion as they were developed within the framework of legislative processes. The Author presented a detailed research in which the attitude of the Americans towards the transgender communities has been reflected. In this regard, the prevailing rights regarding the transgender communities in USA have been examined. In the perspective of the Author that traditionally it has been difficult on the part of the government to incorporate gender identity in the prevailing non-discrimination policies. The Author e xamined that the transgender people were not recognized as a respectable individual of the society and were subjected to gender-based discriminations. After analyzing the source it can be observed that different municipal and state level efforts were conducted which proved to be successful in some parts however, the states failed to execute legislative policies relating to transgender rights. The different perspectives of public opinion and public policy in support of transgender non-discrimination policies were emphasized. In this regard, it can be noted that this article proved to be fruitful in proceeding with the present research topic as it helped to identify various legislative policies and different state laws which could protect the interests of the transgender communities. In the perspective of the Author transgender communities face discrimination from different sections of the society to a large extent. It has been emphasized by the Author that such discrimination has affected the healthcare conditions of this group in medical sectors. However, according to the Author such discriminations enumerated as a result of disturbing experiences of the past. The Author examined the applicability of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey in evaluating the conditions of the transgender community. In this regard, after proper examination of the article it can be identified that from the very beginning the article proposed the foundation of an innovative categorized system to address the issues faced by the transgender people in the health sectors. Therefore, the relevant information depicted in the article served as a useful source of information in conducting the present research. It can be stated that by utilizing and implementing the ideas depicted in the article one can develop clear knowledge about the identification of gender-discrimination, transgender disclosure and their conditions in modern health sectors. The Author intended to put forward a new concept by highlighting the importance of justice which is linked to the identification of transgender community. The Author argued that in order to have clear understanding regarding the rights of transgender community, it is important on the part of the courts to have knowledge about the options available to the transgender people in the field of medical science. It is important to involve civil rights litigators for the purpose of determining the actual issues and experiences faced by the LGBTQ communities. According to the Author if an individual is unable to recognize the role played by gender identity and sex-determination then he shall continue to tear apart the dignity of the transgender people. Therefore, the court shall not be able to recognize the importance of gender identity in sex-determination and thereby appropriate justice cannot be provided under the provisions of law. This article was effective as it helped in understanding the matter that why the Courts could not provide appropriate justice to the transgender communities by safeguarding their interests and rights. The Author intended was commissioned to examine the policies of non-discrimination for successful implementation of human resources. According to the Author, people are not aware of the existing programs and policies which prevent discrimination of transgender communities in workplace. After analyzing the source it was found that the policies of gender identity has been applied in different areas for the purpose of prohibiting discrimination against employees belonging to transgender communities. It can be observed that as a result of proper implementation of such policies, the rights of transgender communities have been safeguarded to some extent. The chosen article from the very beginning emphasized on non-discriminating policies related to transgender rights and therefore it can be regarded as an appropriate choice for the research topic. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that the abovementioned sources were convenient enough to serve the purpose of the research related to the importance of human rights. The eight references listed above equally contributed towards the successful completion of the assignment. It can be finally concluded that each article contained relevant information which contributed favorably in designing the structure of the research in a more accurate and specific way. References: Cruz, Taylor M, Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: a consideration of diversity in combating discrimination(2014) 65-73 Social science medicine,110 Flores, Andrew R, Attitudes toward transgender rights: Perceived knowledge and secondary interpersonal contact(2015) 398-416 Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3.3 Horton, Lisa, Meeting the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, queer, or questioning students through the school library collection (2016) 20Teacher Librarian,44.1 Levasseur, M Gender identity defines sex: Updating the law to reflect modern medical science is key to transgender rights(2014) 943 Vt. L. Rev,39 Navaratnam, Reannon, and Isabelle Lee, Same sex marriage in Hong Kong: a right is more than a referendum (2015) 220-227 International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies,3.3 Sellers, Mitchell Dylan, Discrimination and the transgender population: Analysis of the functionality of local government policies that protect gender identity(2014) 70-86 Administration Society, 46.1 Westbrook Laurel and Kristen Schilt, Doing gender, determining gender: Transgender people, gender panics, and the maintenance of the sex/gender/sexuality system(2014) 32-57 Gender Society,28.1 Winter, Sam, Identity recognition without the knife: Towards a gender recognition ordinance for Hong Kong's transsexual people (2014) 115Hong Kong LJ, 44

Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy

Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy Introduction The growing trend in the globalization of trade across the world has influenced the manner in which organizations are growing towards the international paradigm. According to Ahearn (2011), current statistics indicate that the global economic power is gradually shifting from developed economies, including Europe and the United States, to fast growing economies especially the Asian Pacific nations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Asian Pacific nations have developed exponentially over the years with multinational corporations characterized by intense business activities influencing the global economy (Ahearn, 2011). Led by China and Japan, countries within the Asian Pacific Zone are increasingly attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) that contributes to growth in the world economy. Apart from accelerating ec onomically, many of the Asian nations are investing, procuring, and operating new multinational businesses across the world (Bennett, 2002). However, the power of Asian Pacific multinational corporations in the global economy remains underestimated. Hence, this essay seeks to examine the influence of the Asian Pacific multinational corporations on the international economy. Asian Pacific Multinational Corporations Among the fast-emerging market economies, it is essential to understand the major countries in the Asian Pacific zone that significantly influence the growth of the global economy through trade (Nigam Su, 2010). China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea are among the major players in the Asian economy, and their multinational corporations are diverse across the world. Asian pacific multinational corporations influence the global economy through their trading activities that are exceptional. According to Pananond (2007), the Asian Pacific corporations have unique business strategies , business practices, business aims, and management techniques that significantly influence their international economic power. When considering their direct contribution to the global economy, multinational corporations from the Asian pacific zone have different business strategies compared to their counterparts, which are European and United States (Ahearn, 2011). Types of businesses, industrial practices, business investment techniques, technology, trading policies and regulations, innovation approaches, management behaviors, and corporate operations of the Asian Pacific companies differ from their potential business rivals. Chinese Multinational Corporations China is among the fastest growing economies within the Asian Pacific zone, which is currently contributing to the transformation of the global economy through its expanding trade and manufacturing practices (Dee, 2006). China is growing economy and economic powerhouse that continues to attract millions of international inve stors in the business segment, and its corporate firms dominate the global business paradigm.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chinese multinational firms augment investment practices across Europe and within the United State; hence, increasing global corporate growth (McGrew, 2008). China has different targets, strategies, business practices, and corporate policies that differ from their trade and business counterparts, European and United States. China has domestic business policies renowned by both the private and public sector, which influence its contribution to the international economy (McNally, 2013). China’s corporations contribute significantly to its internal economy and international economy, understanding of their influence on economic growth is essential. In few years, Huawei technologies seems to dominated multinational networking and telecommu nications sector, and has contributed to immense economic growth for China. Strategies of China and Chinese Corporate Practices China and its corporate practices are unalike from their rivals, an issue that contributes to their influence on their economic growth and that of other nations like the United States (McNally, 2013). Chinese corporations follow their national trading and business practices that have their basis on the idea of state capitalism in marketing strategies. While the United States and Europe support the notion of establishing organizations that enhance socioeconomic well-being, China is reemerging as a powerful and dynamic supporter of state capitalism. McNally (2013) states that, â€Å"China represents a hybrid that is now the leading form of refurbished state nationalism† (p. 5). Several Chinese multinational corporate organizations operating within China, the United States, and Europe are practicing their businesses following the state capitalism model. Using the state centered-planning in controlling Chinese trade and multinational Corporations, the practice of state capitalism enables China to conquer the international trade boundaries (McGrew, 2008). Although Chinese capitalism attracts controversial discourse, the model significantly influences the global economy. Chinese state capitalism serves the modern trends in the globalization efforts, with its multinational corporations contributing significantly to competition within the global markets (McGrew, 2008). Many of the Chinese multinational corporations are private organizations serving through state corporate policies with their main aim being the maximization of profits from the international markets. China’s spirit of capitalism puts multinational corporations into the global front through influencing market trends, balancing economies, enhancing trading, and influencing global financial markets. Through state capitalism that influences the operational behavior of many Chinese multinational firms, business policies in China seek to promote low-cost investments in major industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Akin to other East Asian forerunners, China’s multinational corporations use programs of government, which are well-subsidized investments in major leading business industries (Dee, 2006). The capitalism of Chinese multinational firms focuses on enhanced exportation and suppressed domestic utilization of homemade products, purposely to encourage the maximum profit making, promote high savings, and increase investment rates. China’s capitalism pushes for the creation of a solitary international capitalist economy where multinational corporations organize business productions and control marketing. According to McNally (2013), â€Å"China’s capitalism, t hus, has assimilated multi-firm, multinational global production and knowledge networks† (p. 5). Through subsidized investment in leading industries including telecommunication, gas, and oil, China’s multinational corporations push for foreign direct investment (FDI). China has frequently attracted FDI from leading western multinational corporations, since its domestic economy has become a fundamental component of the western-based economies (Pananond, 2007). China’s multinational corporations have manipulated the inward and the outward FDI rates, with foreign companies investing in China and China’s firms investing across the world. The approach of intensified export of homemade products, oppressed consumption of homegrown products, and frustration of imports of major industrial products enables China’s multinational firms to control major global markets (Dee, 2006). Compared to the western multinationals that emphasize on the consumption of their homemade products, balance exportation and transportation, highly emphasized intellectual property rights, China’s multinational firms foster capitalism. Chinese multinational corporations are sensitive to international labor markets and demands across the world. Considered as an unethical leadership, Chinese multinational corporations have been utilizing different labor standards that the Western and American companies feel are unjust (Walsh Zhu, 2007). Market capitalism utilized by the Chinese corporations does not promote excessive utilization of labor. As opposed to the European and American companies, China discourages high labor turnover within its multinational organizations, as a means of enhancing profitability and reducing operational costs. Chinese multinationals believe that effective marketing systems should govern labor and capital markets not only through managing market-related issues, but also through coordinating labor trends (Collinson Rugman, 2007).Adver tising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chinese multinational encourage laborsaving strategies and low labor turnover to avoid excessive expenditure on wages and maintenance of employment. Employee retention and attraction of highly skilled labor at cheap recruitment standards normally assists Chinese multinationals in managing wage bills. Korean multinationals and the Western/American Corporations As an emerging economy, Korea has also been very practical in utilizing outward direct investment (ODI) that influences its economic power. Multinational corporate practices and policies utilized by most of companies from the East Asian countries are normally similar, with the aspect of capitalism practically eminent (Ghemawat, 2003). The Korean government encourages its functional firms to venture abroad to acquire new technologies and skills. Korea is among the Asian economic powerhouses with increasingly flourishing stock markets, direct foreign investment, and strong foreign business influence being the foremost aspects of its enhanced economy (Ghemawat, 2003). Korean firms operate differently from their European and American multinational counterparts, a central factor that makes Korea a giant economy within the Pacific Asia. For the Korean multinational corporations operating within Europe and America, knowledge sharing relationships, enhanced technological networks are major management and business operation strategies utilized (Ghemawat, 2001). Akin to its Asian counterparts, Korea’s public policies on international trade practices and ODI play a significant role in multinational businesses. Korea’s influence on its multinational corporation trading practices greatly influences the economic trends across the continents. The government of Korea encourages multinational corporations to engage in ODI through more risky investment strategies, rather than depending intensely on government funding (Ghemawat, 2001). Aggressiveness in these firms frequently increases ODI, which further influ ences global economic growth. Korean multinational corporations emphasize on broad international market research that normally seeks to improve their market penetration strategies across the world (Ghemawat, 2001). In addition, Korean firms have well-established research institutions within their companies that complement the acquisition and sharing of market information. Supported by enhanced information technology that Korea has ventured into, multinational corporations established within Korea, and around Europe and America are flourishing in global markets. The business nature of global information capitalism enables Korean firms to conquer the global economic sphere (Narula, 2006). While the European and the American corporations have specialized in the domestic research to identify the needs of their own population, Korea and other Asian states have built interest in potential markets across the world. Similar to the Chinese corporate strategies, Korea utilizes the corporate a nd state capitalism approach for their multinational corporations, with their products, utilities, and services targeting developing economies especially in Africa (Narula, 2006). Venturing into new investments within emerging and underdeveloped economies significantly helps Korean and other Asian corporations in maneuvering competitive global markets. The business practice of such kind also enhances economic growth as it improves the state of developing economies and international trade links between nations (Nigam Su, 2010). As opposed to the western and American states, many multinational corporations of these nations normally emphasize on settling the demands of the domestic market, most of which developed long time ago. According to Nigam and Su (2010), this business practice normally contrasts the strategic management practice, which should always focus on utilizing new market opportunities and encouraging contemporary innovations. Since economic crunches have intensified in the contemporary era and many governments have failed to recover from financial crisis, civilians are relying on cheaply designed products that favor their immediate conditions (Nigam Su, 2010). Korean and several other Asian multinational corporations seem to have utilized the growing opportunity for economically favorable electronic, telecommunication, and technological products (McGrew, 2008). While the American and European firms raise concerns over the failure of Asian countries to respect global trading policies, including disproving intellectual property principles, Korean firms are intensifying ODI. Many of the European and American multinational corporations dealing with major industrial products have undermined markets in the third world, while the Asian multinational utilize these markets. Coupled with government policies that seem strictly follow the World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations, Western and American multinational corporations fail to capture growing marke ts in developing economies (McGrew, 2008). By emphasizing on new investments abroad, rather than exploiting on domestic opportunities like the American and Western multinationals, Asian multinationals occupy enormous global market share. Multinational Corporations of Japan The strategies employed by multinational organizations from Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan are relatively similar to those utilized by their fellow Asian counterpart, but very different from those used by the Europeans and Americans (Brown, Rugman Verbeke, 1998). The main economic power of the Asian countries comes from their ability to venture in leading industrial commodities that include electronics, machinery, telecom, and other technological devices. Although Japan has not intensified direct outside investment as compared to China, multinational corporations that deal with leading industrial products find export-oriented strategy as a crucial international corporate practice (Wu, 2008). Japanese companies devel op highly demanded industrial products and emphasize on exports and foreign markets located within both developed and developing economies. Critical emphasizes and specialization of automotive products that are in constant demand across the world gives Japan a unique commodity-based competitive advantage over the Western multinationals (Wu, 2008). While most of the multinational corporations from America slacked in the production of machinery and automobiles during post-financial crisis, Japan maintained. Japan has been trading on the notion of unique technology, which rarely prevails in the Western and American multinational corporations, and this presents its corporations with a unique opportunity to survive in these heavily competitive markets (Brown, Rugman Verbeke, 1998). Apart from simply acquiring investments around the Western and American premises, Japanese corporate organizations realize that integrating unique technological network is essential to maneuver in these compe titive markets. Technological upgrading, a strategy of many Japanese multinationals enables them to triumph easily through the developing economies across Asia, Africa, and within developed economies (Ghemawat, 2001). Lately, Mitsubishi Corporation is Japanese main source of automobile innovation, with the company seeking to shift from old technologies and integrate green technology. This approach enables Mitsubishi gain international attention as automotive companies seek to replace fuel guzzlers in the car market. Compared to their fellow counterparts in the United States and Europe, innovation and utilization of talented workforce that is technologically suave, is a competitive advantage for many Japanese firms. Canon, Mazda, and Sony are major international firms that originated from Japan, while Toyota and Nissan are spreading across the developing economies, including the vastly growing Africa (Brown, Rugman Verbeke, 1998). Although limited to expanding and exploring opportun ities that emerge specifically within Asia, campaign on intensive utilization of export-led strategy among Japanese multinational firms is becoming eminent, with exportation of leading brands and commodities being crucial. However, Japanese export success does not rely on any commodity produced on counterfeit production, but depends on specific, few, and recognized industries that are renowned for bringing significant economic impact (Wu, 2008). The few essential sectors promote most of the outward FDI and are responsible for the globalization of the Japanese economy. While the few sectors in the Japanese firms manage to internationalize the country towards the global economic sphere, Japanese firms also balanced their role within their domestic markets (Bennett, 2002). This is in contrast with many of the American and Western multinationals, which focus on exploring and utilizing regional home market rather than international competitiveness. Japanese multinational corporations hav e emphasized on management techniques that understand the imperativeness of appreciating international differences within developed and developing nations (McGrew, 2008). Through such management techniques, Japanese firms have been introducing commodities that suit each market economically and culturally. Across the world, with models and designs of these products produced, Japanese multinational corporations like Mitsubishi corporations, rely on the economic ability of the targeted consumers. Japan international firms produce an assortment of highly valuable electrical, automobile, and telecommunication commodities, while considering the cost and ability of the targeted markets (Narula, 2006). When these firms export expensive products to America and Europe as their seasoned potential markets, they also consider developing markets that require relatively low-priced products. A perfect corporate case is Mitsubishi Corporation that has influenced automobile business in developed econ omies including the United States and across the United Kingdom. Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation has also extended its operations to developing nations including those in the African continent. Conclusion Government policies, firm aims, corporate operation practices, and management practices across Asian countries differ from their rivals across the Western economies and America. The business intentions and practices are different in their approaches, as Asian multinationals use different trade and business strategies compared to American and Western multinationals. Contrary to most of the Asian economies, multinationals from Western and American states utilize home based markets than foreign direct investment, with production and investment in Asian companies utilizing export strategies. China, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan are all endlessly seeking international triumph through exploration of new markets in emerging economies within the second and third world nations. While American an d Western nations utilize high labor turnover in most of their multinational organizations, Asian multinationals utilize low-wage labor and emphasize on employee retention. Asian countries have welcomed free trade across their nations, but with flexible regulations governing trading polices and principles. References Ahearn, R 2011, Rising Economic Powers and the Global Economy: Trends and Issues for Congress. Web. Bennett, J 2002, ‘Multinational Corporations, Social Responsibility, and Conflict’, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 55, no.2, pp.393-410. Brown, L, Rugman, A Verbeke, A 1998,’ Japanese Joint Ventures with Western Multinationals: Synthesizing the Economic and Cultural Explanations of Failure’, Asian Pacific Journal of Management, vol.6, no.2, pp. 225-242. Collinson, S Rugman, A 2007, ‘The regional character of Asian multinational enterprises’, Asia Pacific J Manage, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 429–446. Dee, P 2006, Multination al Corporations, and Pacific Regionalism. Web. Ghemawat, P 2001, ‘Distance still matters: the hard reality of global expansion’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no.8, pp. 137–147. Ghemawat, P 2003, ‘Semi-globalization, and international business strategy’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 34, no.2, pp.138–152. McGrew, A 2008, Globalization, and global politics. Web. McNally, C 2013, How emerging forms of capitalism are changing the global economic order. Web. Narula, R 2006, ‘Globalization: new ecologies, new zoologies, and the purported death of the eclectic paradigm’, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 23, no.3, pp.143–151. Nigam, R Su, Z 2010,’ Climbing up the Performance Ladder: A Conceptual Framework for Emerging Country Multinational’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 5, no.4, pp.13-25. Pananond, P 2007, ‘The changing dynamics of Thai multinationals aft er the Asian economic crises ‘, Journal of International Management, vol.13, no.1, pp. 356–375. Walsh, J Zhu, Y 2007, ‘Local Complexities and Global Uncertainties: A Study of Foreign Ownership and Human Resource Management in China’, the International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol.18, no.2, pp. 49-267. Wu, J 2008, ‘An Analysis of Business Challenges Faced by Foreign Multinationals Operating the Chinese Market’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 3, no.12, pp.169-174.

Advanced research methods - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Advanced research methods - Smart Custom Writing Functions of fleet managementThe function of fleet management is to enable organizations which depend on transportation in their operations to discard or reduce perils associated with motor investment, improving competency, productivity and minimize the long run expenses, and offering policies which are 100% government friendly among others (Crainic, p 10). Fleet management involves vehicles such as Lorries, tractors, cars, containers among others. It comes with a wide range of functions which includes maintenance, tracking and health management. A system of tracking, GPS (global positioning system), can be used to perform all these functions (Broida, p11). A recent study indicates that, commercially, the numbers of fleet units which are in offing in Europe are over one million (Crainic, p 12). This article attempts to define the possible on-going functions in fleet management. It will highlight the differences between the initial activities from on going functions in fleet managemen t. Finally, it will explain why the ongoing functions are needed (Crainic, p 13). The major function of fleet management it motor tracking system. Basically, this system uses global positioning system (Broida, p11). This particular system is so efficient that it can track a car in any place in different languages. This is one of the on going functions. Initially this was difficult because the GPS facility was not in the offing (Broida, p11). Another ongoing function is getting information by linking the motor with the global positioning system to get information for the user. When this is done, it assists in getting rate of fuel consumption and readings on the mileage. Initially, this was only possible physically and not through the computer (Dolce, p32). Fleet management has played a big role in getting information how the drivers are carrying themselves around. This has been made possible by integrating information from the tracking device and the computer. This is yet another on-going function by fleet management which initially was not possible (Dolce, p35). Another important function is the security. The security covers the car while at rest or while moving and it carefully disconnects the car while on the move. Through this, the fleet management has made it possible to recover any stolen car. The security is yet another development which was not there initially. This service is needed because it helps in reducing losses as far as the number of vehicles stolen is concerned (Broida, p23). Ship management is control of the ship while in water. This basically is done so as the fleet management can provide competent staff, offer maintenance and manage the daily operations. By doing this, the owner is given an opportunity to go book cargo. Initially, the whole responsibility was left in the hands of the owner. This type of arrangement is needed so as to ensure quality services are offered by the ships (Broida, p25). The device that disconnects vehicles using a remote is yet another function of fleet management. This facility does not allow the engine to work and therefore the car does not move (Crainic, p 22). The system is even able to alert the one driving the car that the disconnection is almost happening. The same system of disconnecting remote can be merged with danger remote so that in case of an urgent thing the driver can easily communicate thus the situation is addressed immediately (Crainic, p 22). Initially the remote had only the key responsibility of disconnecting the engine but it has been discovered it can be used to alert I case of emergency. This is needed because it can be used to reduce accidents on the road and in water (Crainic, p 23). In conclusion, fleet management has experienced what can be said to be a milestone if compared with its functions initially. The advancement of technology has made it possible for global positioning system to be discovered. This has seen the fleet management grow. Works cited: Crainic, T.G., Crainic, G. Fleet management and logistics New York: Springer, 1998 2-56 Dolce, J. Fleet management New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984 3-46 Broida, R. How to do everything with your GPS New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003 4-78

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Chapter Iv Shivaji The Great Guerrilla History Essay

Chapter Iv Shivaji The Great Guerrilla History Essay 32. Shivaji practised more than three hundred years ago the tenets of guerrilla warfare which guerrilla leaders have theorised today. It is unfortunate that no Indian author ever developed the objective and analytical style of writing history. If only Shivaji had a Sun Tzu or a Kautilya in his court or a chronicler like Edgar Snow or Payne to leave behind an account of how he planned his tactics and strategy in the hours of crisis and the words of wisdom he uttered in his directives to his commanders, we would have amassed such a huge mass of literature on guerrilla warfare. Early Life 33. Shivaji belonged to the Bhosle clan of Marathas which claimed descent from the Sisodia ranas of Udaipur  [9]  . His father, Shahji was the first Maratha chief to defy the Mughal authorities, dodging and deluding their renowned generals. Shahji became a living example to his son, Shivaji, teaching him how the weak could wear out the strong. 34. Shivaji was born in the fort of Shivneri near Pune in 1627 AD.  [10]  It was a tumultuous period of bitter contest between the Mughals and Shahji, who was being 17 pursued by his own father in law , Lukhoji Jadhav. During this period , Shahji was in service of the Adilshah.  [11]  Shivaji stayed in Bijpur for a short period of time. He provoked the court by failing to observe the court etiquette and made a slight salaam instead of bowing to the ground.  [12]  His father and mother, Jijabai advised him on matters of respect to elders and virtues of obedience and cooperation. Preparation to Meet his Destiny 35. Due to years of suffering since her marriage, Jijabai had developed strong character and a spirit of dauntless courage and defiance, which she was determined to inculcate into her son. She had great moral and spiritual influence on him. If his father could defy the might of the mughals for years, why could not Shivaji continue and complete his work? While Jijabai moulded Shivaji to be a stern disciplinarian and far sighted, supervision of formal education was entrusted to Dadoji Kondev.  [13]   36. Dadoji Kondev was the manager of Shahjis Pune jagir. In 1642, he brought Jijabai and Shivaji from Karnataka to Pune and built Lal mahal for them to reside. He was a person of extraordinary integrity and devotion to his masters. But the greatest influence on Shivaji was of the unadorned nature and beauty of the mountains. He surveyed all inaccessible regions, studying routes of communication, bypaths and tracks and valleys. He appreciated that this terrain was best to oust the foreigners. While seeing his own countryside, he came in contact with his countrymen and developed long lasting friendships.  [14]   18 37. The news of Shivajis prep for achieving swaraj reached the Bijapur court. All of sudden , Shahji was declared as a rebel by the Bijapur sultan. In 1645, at the age of sixteen, Shivaji took an oath to free his countrymen and establishing Hindavi Swaraj. By then he had collected a thousand mawlas under him. Outwardly he continued to profess full loyalty to the Bijapur sultan and urged that his own activities were intended to put down lawlessness and disorder in the hilly regions. Fort Based Tactics 38. Shivaji developed fort based and fort centric tactics. His aim was to capture as many forts possible, that too without a fight. Most of the hills and mountains were neglected by the Muslim rulers and they failed to exploit the terrain . Shivaji occupied Torna, twenty miles south west of Pune. Torna fell in Shivajis hands with persuasion and guile and without a drop of blood in 1646. Till 1648, Shivaji captured numerous forts of strategic importance ie Kondana (later Sinhgarh), Raigad, Vishalgad, Purandar etc. By the end of 1648, Shivaji gained mastery over the parganas of Pune , Mawal and Supa. The numbers of his followers swelled in rank as days passed by. Clashes with Bijapur 39. Shivajis first open clash with the Bijapur sultan was in 1648, when he occupied Kondana fort. Till then he had avoided open conflict with the sultan, knowing fully well that he did not stand any chance in open combat. The sultan despatched Fateh Khan, a well known general to teach Shivaji a lesson. Shivajis 19 meagre force of 5000 completely routed Fateh Khans forces by raiding parties organised by Shivaji and his mawalas. Fateh Khan returned to Bijapur. Thus a shattering blow was delivered on the sultan.  [15]   40. In 1648, Shahji was arrested on false charges of conspiring with the Sultan of Golkonda. He was paraded as a mere criminal in the streets of Bijapur. He was later reinstated in 1653, but was never allowed to leave Karnataka. Shahjis virtual house arrest in Karnataka put restrictions on Shivajis activities. Shahjis letter to Shivaji advising him to give up Kondana, put Shivaji in a dilemma . Shivaji now, most tactfully displayed servile attitude towards the Mughal Emperor, invoking his patronage. Expansion 41. Shivaji was a pragmatist, ethics of war had no place in his philosophy; he was fighting a war of liberation for his country and he was keen on securing his ends without bothering about morality of the means. But there were some basic precepts of human behaviour which did not flaunt even while dealing with the enemy. In his expansion, he soon captured Barmati, Indapur, Tikona, Lohgad, Rajmachi, Supa, Javli and Purandar. Javli was later renamed, Raigad in 1674. 42. Slowly but surely , Shivaji was expanding his kingdom right under the watchful eye of the Bijapur sultan. Patronage of the mughal emperor paid good dividends. Shivaji had to arrest his wifes brother for not participating in the freedom struggle on his side. Following the tenets of guerrilla warfare, Shivaji did not relax and busied 20 himself in continuous activity. The recruitment ground of his mawla troops increased rapidly. Two miles west of Javli, he constructed fort Pratapgad, which control eight passes crossing the ranges into Konkan from Mahabaleshwar and Wai. Shivaji now eyed the fertile fields of Konkan. When in 1656, Mohd Adilshah of Bijapur died, Shivajis activities increased considerably. Confrontation with the Mughals 43. In November 1656, Aurangzeb obtained permission from Shah Jahan to invade Bijapur. Mir Jumla and Shahistakhan joined him on this adventure. Shivaji assessed that taking on the Mughals alone was impossible, therefore he raided Dabhol in Bijapur territory and captured it. He pleaded with Aurangzeb, that he be allowed to retain his spoils of the Bijapur territory. Aurngazeb , happy that Shivaji was on his side, permitted that. Aurangzeb was decimating Bijapur and was capturing territory after territory. Shivaji knew that with the Bijapur sultan gone, Aurangzeb would turn against him. He therefore launched several raids in the mughal governed areas. Shivaji captured Junnar in Mughal territory and marched against Ahmednagar and gained a lot in terms of horses and money. The news of Shivajis raids annoyed Aurangzeb and ordered revenge. 44. Shivajis possessions in Pune and Chakan were utterly ruined. Fortunately, Shah Jahan fell ill and Aurangzeb rushed back to Delhi to participate in the war for succession. While he was away, he sent a message to Adil Shah to expel Shivaji. With astuteness, Shivaji too sent ambassadors to Aurangzeb and accepted his 21 overlordship and demanded that Kokan be given to him as a jagir. Aurangzeb granted the jagir of Konkan to Shivaji. He consolidated his gains in Konkan by building sea forts and raising a navy under Kanhoji Angre. In the Konkan, he got into conflict with the Siddis,  [16]  English and the Portuguese over the control of the sea ports. He finally defeated the Siddis and forged a treaty with the English and the Portuguese. Challenge to Bijapur 45. By the end of 1657, Shivajis small Maratha kingdom was organised on solid foundations. He had 10,000 mawal infantry and 10,000 horsed cavalry. He also had a substantial navy. In 1656 , Adilshah died and there was a nineteen year old boy on the throne. To punish Shivaji, it was decided to despatch Afzal Khan, a general of high repute who had valiantly fought the mughals recently. By Sep 1659, he marched against Shivaji with 10,000 cavalry and foot detachments of mountain guns and rockets carried on camel backs. He tried to win over the Deshmukhs to his side, but to no avail. They remained loyal to Shivaji. He caused plunder enroute to Wai and desecrated many temples. A meeting was arranged between Shivaji and Afzal Khan on 10 Nov 1659. As Shivaji bowed to Afzal Khan, he embraced Shivaji in a death grip. Shivaji having worn body armour, was not affected. Shivaji tore open Khans bowels as he thrust his dagger deep inside him.  [17]   22 Battle of Pratapgarh 46. Shivaji hastened back to Pratapgad and a cannon was fired to signal the infantry which was positioned at critical passes to cut off the fleeing Khan army . In the battle, Khans army lost over 3,000 men. Immense booty fell in the hands of the Marathas 4,000 horses,1,200 camels , 65 elephants and lots of cash and jewellery. 47. The battle of Pratapgad is an excellent to demonstrate how a guerrilla commander is initially compelled to fight a defensive battle. The enemys superiority in arms and numbers had to blunted before converting the defensive tactics into offensive. Shivaji suspected treachery and was ready to meet the Khan. Shivaji lured Afzal Khan into the interior of the hilly region and annihilated his forces. This well executed operation was the final nail in the Bijapur coffin.  [18]   Second Front by the Mughals 48. Shivaji challenged the mughal authority by raiding Junnar and Ahmednagar and exacting taxes from them. The mughal emperor sent Shahitskhan to teach him a lesson. Shahistakhan was beaten back with his fingers cut.  [19]  Then Aurangzeb sent Mirza Raje Jaisingh against Shivaji.  [20]  Jai Singh was a great soldier, he cast his net far and wide and invited the Siddis , Adilshah and the English to join him against Shivaji. Due to the triple alliance, Shivaji had to enter into a treaty with Jai Singh i.e. Treaty of Purandar. According to the treaty, Shivaji was to surrender 23 forts of the 35 held by him and his son Sambhaji was to proceed to Delhi as a courtier in Aurangazebs court.  [21]  Shivaji agreed and himself proceeded to Agra to meet the 23 mughal emperor. He was kept under house arrest, from where he escaped. This caused a major embarrassment to Aurangzeb. Shivaji came back to Deccan and reconquered all the lost forts. Shivaji a Top Guerrilla Leader 49. Shivaji believed in the tenets of guerrilla warfare. He was a voracious reader and an ardent follower of Kautilyas Kut Niti. He learnt the importance of terrain in guerrilla war in his early years and never confronted the enemy in open combat. Few of his Guerrilla tactics can be summarised as below:- (a) Use terrain to own advantage. Shivaji as a boy travelled all over the Mawal region and found the terrain was suitable for resisting Adilshah and the Mughals. The western ghats from Junnar in the north to Mahabaleshwar in the south have been cut by nature into valleys and each valley is fed by a separate river .These valleys are called mawals. High hills tower over these valleys where forts were constructed. (b) Be kind to people. Shivaji knew that his greatest strength was the people of his land. He won over the loyalty of his people by being one of them. He also won over his opponents by his forthrightness and good conduct. (c) Intelligence is the essence of all operations. Shivaji very early realised the importance of intelligence . He had a full fledged department of 24 spies who provided vital information of political, military and social nature. He had a well oiled system of horsemen and runners to disseminate information at the earliest. (d) Treat women folk with respect. Shivaji was especially harsh on his soldiers who didnt respect women. He treated the women folk of Surat  [22]  with respect , when he raided the city. He expected the same from his men. Any digression in this aspect was met with harsh punishment. (e) Religious tolerance. Shivaji was a devout Hindu, but was far from fanaticism. He was highly tolerant and respectful of other religions. He was never actuated by a feeling of hatred towards the Muslims as a people or the religion itself. The people of his kingdom had complete religious freedom His chief naval commanders were Muslims. (f) Fort based tactics. Shivaji developed and devised a techinique of defence and offence through a hundreds of forts as a necessary adjunct of guerrilla methods adopted by him. There are three lines of distinct forts in Maharashtra which can be recognised even in present day. The main forts are on the top of the Sahayadri range; then there are two main lines of them, one on the eastern and other on the western spurs of the mountain ranges. In addition, some sea forts were constructed by Shivaji on inaccessible rocks near the sea coast as a counter to foreign maritime powers. Sindhudurg, Vijaydurg, Kolaba and Suvarnadurg are some of his major sea forts. 25 (g) Strict discipline. Shivaji maintined a high standard of discipline in his army. Whatever booty was obtained by the army during the campaigns had to be deposited in the treasury. Khafi Khan, a critic of Shivaji writes, He made it a rule, that whenever his followers went plundering, they should do no harm to mosques, Book of God or women of any one. Whenever a copy of Quran fell into his hands, he treated it with respect and gave it to some of his Muslim followers.  [23]   (h) Guile. Shivaji was a master mind in bluffing his enemies. Afzal Khan fell into his trap and paid with his life. At the siege of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar was lulled into inactivity by a promise of surrendering the fort.  [24]  Bahadur Khan was befooled by him as he was convinced of a submission of a petition seeking negotiations and pardon by the emperor (j) Speed, Surprise and Audacity. Shivaji was a man of terrific speed and mobility, which helped him to gain surprise. Nobody could know where he would be the next day. He was always on the move, avoiding engagement with the better equipped and numerically superior enemy. He followed the principle of surprise to harass the enemy, when he was not prepared to meet him. Shivaji was bold and fearless and led his men personally on distant and perilous campaigns. 26 Conclusion 50. Shivaji was a benevolent ruler, a liberal and a constructive administrator. If out of nothing he could carve out an independent kingdom against formidable enemies, it was because of his single-minded honesty of purpose, dauntless courage, persistent pursuit of a high objective , military foresight and astute diplomacy . It is unfortunate that, he was always at a state of war and died in the prime of his glory. Ramdas called him Sarvadnya lord of all sciences.